Experimental study on the relationship between foam pressure difference and foam stability_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

BAI Taoping ¹ , LIU Jiche ^1,2 ,  JIANG Wentao ¹ , LI Yalan ¹

1. Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China;
2. School of Mechanics and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

JIANG Wentao, Email: scubme_jwt@outlook.com

Keywords：

Foam pressure difference; Foam stability; Foam half-life; Varicose veins

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202104009

Video：

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Foam stability affects the efficacy and incidence of side effects of foam sclerotherapy. Exploring the relationship between foam pressure difference and foam stability can provide ideas and basis for obtaining more stable foam. In the experiment, sodium cod liver oleate foam was selected, and poloxamer 188 (concentration of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%) was added to realize the change of foam pressure. By using the self-written program to process the foam pictures, the foam pressure difference and the relationship between the foam stability indicators (water separation rate curve, half-life) and the foam pressure difference were obtained. The results showed that at first the foam pressure increased with the increase of the concentration, and then it decreased with the increase of the concentration and reached a peak at the concentration of 4%. The foam pressure difference decreases continuously with the increase of decay time. When the additive concentration is low, the foam average pressure difference increases. And if the additive concentration is too high, the foam average pressure difference decreases. The smaller the foam pressure difference is, the better the foam stability is. This paper lays a foundation for the research on the stability of foam hardener.

Citation： BAI Taoping, LIU Jiche, JIANG Wentao, LI Yalan. Experimental study on the relationship between foam pressure difference and foam stability. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2022, 39(2): 353-358. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.202104009 Copy

1.	Committee G, Force T. Guidelines of care for sclerotherapy treatment of varicose and telangiectatic leg veins. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1996, 34(3): 523-528.
2.	Moneta G L. Sclerotherapy: treatment of varicose and telangiectatic legveins. J Vasc Surg, 1993, 15(5): 941.
3.	Hamdan A. Management of varicose veins and venous insufficiency. JAMA, 2012, 308(24): 2612-2621.
4.	Evans C J, Fowkes F G, Ruckley C V, et al. Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh vein study. J Epidemiol Community Health, 1999, 53(3): 149-153.
5.	祝盼盼, 白逃萍, 田琳, 等. 通道长度对泡沫硬化剂稳定性影响的实验研究. 中华血管外科杂志, 2018, 3(2): 104-107.
6.	Jia X, Mowatt G, Burr J M, et al. Systematic review of foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Br J Surg, 2007, 94(8): 925-936.
7.	Weitz-Tuoretmaa A, Rautio R, Valkila J, et al. Efficacy of OK-432 sclerotherapy in treatment of lymphatic malformations: long-term follow-up results. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2014, 271(2): 385-390.
8.	Spitz G A, Braxton J M, Bergan J J. Outpatient varicose vein surgery with transillμminated powered phlebectomy. Vasc Surg, 2000, 34: 547-55.
9.	Min R J, Zimmet S E, Isaacs M N, et al. Endovenous laser treatment of the incompetent greater saphenous vein. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2001, 12(10): 1167-1171.
10.	Espinola C. Endovenous treatment of the greater saphenous vein with a 940-nm diode laser: thrombotic occlusion after endolμminal thermal damage by laser-generated steam foams. J Vasc Surg, 2002, 35: 729-736.
11.	Goldman M P, Mauricio M, Rao J. Intravascular 1 320 nm laser closure of the great saphenous vein: a 6- to 12-month follow-up study. Dermatol Surg, 2004, 30(11): 1380-1385.
12.	Kistner R L. Endovascular obliteration of the great er saphenous vein: the closure procedure. Jpn J Phlebol, 2002, 13: 325-333.
13.	Pavlović M D, Schuller-Petrović S. Endovascular techniques for the treatment of chronic insuffificiency of the lower limb’s superfificial venous system. Rev Vasc Med, 2014, 2: 107-117.
14.	Bergan J, Pascarella L, Mekenas L. Venous disorders: treatment with sclerosant foam. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino), 2006, 47(1): 9-18.
15.	Hamel-Desnos C, Desnos P, Wollmann J C, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of polidocanol in the form of foam compared with liquid form in sclerotherapy of the greater saphenous vein: initial results. Dermatol Surg, 2003, 29(12): 1170-1175.
16.	Gloviczki P, Comerota A J, Dalsing M C, et al. The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases: clinical practice guidelines of the society for vascular surgery and the American venous forum. J Vasc Surg, 2011, 53(5 Suppl): 2S-48S.
17.	Tessari L, Cavezzi A, Frullini A. Preliminary experience with a new sclerosing foam in the treatment of varicose veins. Dermatol Surg, 2001, 27(1): 58-60.
18.	李龙, 张迪, 曾欣巧, 等. 制作1%聚桂醇泡沫硬化剂的最佳液-气比. 介入放射学杂志, 2015, 24(5): 418-421.
19.	Cameron E, Chen T, Connor D E, et al. Sclerosant foam structure and stability is strongly influenced by liquid air fraction. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 2013, 46(4): 488-494.
20.	Rial R, Hervas L S, Monux G, et al. Polidocanol foam stability in terms of its association with glycerin. Phlebology, 2014, 29(5): 304-309.
21.	Ceulen R P, Jagtman E A, Sommer A, et al. Blocking the saphenofemoral junction during ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy-assessment of a presumed safety-measure procedure. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2010, 40(6): 772-776.
22.	Cabrera J, Cabera J R. Nuevo métodode esclerosis en las varices tronculares. Patologia Vasc, 1995, 4: 55-73.
23.	Hesse G, Breu F X, Kuschmann A, et al. Sclerotherapy using air-or CO₂-O₂-foam. Post-approval study. Phlebologie, 2012, 41(2): 77-88.
24.	白逃萍, 蒋文涛, 李亚兰. 泡沫硬化剂中加入泊洛沙姆188的疗效对比比格犬实验. 医用生物力学, 2019, 34(S1): 138.
25.	万浩, 白逃萍, 蒋文涛, 等. 基于Tessari法泡沫硬化剂自动制备装置的研制. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2016, 33(6): 1191-1195.
26.	白逃萍, 蒋文涛, 赵武, 等. 推注速度对静脉曲张用泡沫硬化剂稳定性影响的实验研究. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2016, 33(5): 890-895.
27.	Bai T, Liu Y, Jiang W, et al. A review of sclerosing foam stability in the treatment of varicose veins. Dermatol Surg, 2020, 46(2): 249-257.
28.	Bai T, Liu Y, Liu J, et al. A comparison of different surfactants on foam stability in foam sclerotherapy in vitro. J Vasc Surg, 2019, 69(2): 581-591.

1. Committee G, Force T. Guidelines of care for sclerotherapy treatment of varicose and telangiectatic leg veins. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1996, 34(3): 523-528.
2. Moneta G L. Sclerotherapy: treatment of varicose and telangiectatic legveins. J Vasc Surg, 1993, 15(5): 941.
3. Hamdan A. Management of varicose veins and venous insufficiency. JAMA, 2012, 308(24): 2612-2621.
4. Evans C J, Fowkes F G, Ruckley C V, et al. Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh vein study. J Epidemiol Community Health, 1999, 53(3): 149-153.
5. 祝盼盼, 白逃萍, 田琳, 等. 通道长度对泡沫硬化剂稳定性影响的实验研究. 中华血管外科杂志, 2018, 3(2): 104-107.
6. Jia X, Mowatt G, Burr J M, et al. Systematic review of foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Br J Surg, 2007, 94(8): 925-936.
7. Weitz-Tuoretmaa A, Rautio R, Valkila J, et al. Efficacy of OK-432 sclerotherapy in treatment of lymphatic malformations: long-term follow-up results. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2014, 271(2): 385-390.
8. Spitz G A, Braxton J M, Bergan J J. Outpatient varicose vein surgery with transillμminated powered phlebectomy. Vasc Surg, 2000, 34: 547-55.
9. Min R J, Zimmet S E, Isaacs M N, et al. Endovenous laser treatment of the incompetent greater saphenous vein. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2001, 12(10): 1167-1171.
10. Espinola C. Endovenous treatment of the greater saphenous vein with a 940-nm diode laser: thrombotic occlusion after endolμminal thermal damage by laser-generated steam foams. J Vasc Surg, 2002, 35: 729-736.
11. Goldman M P, Mauricio M, Rao J. Intravascular 1 320 nm laser closure of the great saphenous vein: a 6- to 12-month follow-up study. Dermatol Surg, 2004, 30(11): 1380-1385.
12. Kistner R L. Endovascular obliteration of the great er saphenous vein: the closure procedure. Jpn J Phlebol, 2002, 13: 325-333.
13. Pavlović M D, Schuller-Petrović S. Endovascular techniques for the treatment of chronic insuffificiency of the lower limb’s superfificial venous system. Rev Vasc Med, 2014, 2: 107-117.
14. Bergan J, Pascarella L, Mekenas L. Venous disorders: treatment with sclerosant foam. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino), 2006, 47(1): 9-18.
15. Hamel-Desnos C, Desnos P, Wollmann J C, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of polidocanol in the form of foam compared with liquid form in sclerotherapy of the greater saphenous vein: initial results. Dermatol Surg, 2003, 29(12): 1170-1175.
16. Gloviczki P, Comerota A J, Dalsing M C, et al. The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases: clinical practice guidelines of the society for vascular surgery and the American venous forum. J Vasc Surg, 2011, 53(5 Suppl): 2S-48S.
17. Tessari L, Cavezzi A, Frullini A. Preliminary experience with a new sclerosing foam in the treatment of varicose veins. Dermatol Surg, 2001, 27(1): 58-60.
18. 李龙, 张迪, 曾欣巧, 等. 制作1%聚桂醇泡沫硬化剂的最佳液-气比. 介入放射学杂志, 2015, 24(5): 418-421.
19. Cameron E, Chen T, Connor D E, et al. Sclerosant foam structure and stability is strongly influenced by liquid air fraction. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 2013, 46(4): 488-494.
20. Rial R, Hervas L S, Monux G, et al. Polidocanol foam stability in terms of its association with glycerin. Phlebology, 2014, 29(5): 304-309.
21. Ceulen R P, Jagtman E A, Sommer A, et al. Blocking the saphenofemoral junction during ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy-assessment of a presumed safety-measure procedure. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2010, 40(6): 772-776.
22. Cabrera J, Cabera J R. Nuevo métodode esclerosis en las varices tronculares. Patologia Vasc, 1995, 4: 55-73.
23. Hesse G, Breu F X, Kuschmann A, et al. Sclerotherapy using air-or CO₂-O₂-foam. Post-approval study. Phlebologie, 2012, 41(2): 77-88.
24. 白逃萍, 蒋文涛, 李亚兰. 泡沫硬化剂中加入泊洛沙姆188的疗效对比比格犬实验. 医用生物力学, 2019, 34(S1): 138.
25. 万浩, 白逃萍, 蒋文涛, 等. 基于Tessari法泡沫硬化剂自动制备装置的研制. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2016, 33(6): 1191-1195.
26. 白逃萍, 蒋文涛, 赵武, 等. 推注速度对静脉曲张用泡沫硬化剂稳定性影响的实验研究. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2016, 33(5): 890-895.
27. Bai T, Liu Y, Jiang W, et al. A review of sclerosing foam stability in the treatment of varicose veins. Dermatol Surg, 2020, 46(2): 249-257.
28. Bai T, Liu Y, Liu J, et al. A comparison of different surfactants on foam stability in foam sclerotherapy in vitro. J Vasc Surg, 2019, 69(2): 581-591.

Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Experimental study on the relationship between foam pressure difference and foam stability

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