Experimental study on injection efficiency and performance for needle-free insulin injection_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

ZHU Yang ¹ ,  KANG Can ¹ , CAI Wei ² , HUANG Chao ³

1. School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China;
2. Jiangsu Poke Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P. R. China;
3. School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

KANG Can, Email: kangcan@ujs.edu.cn

Keywords：

Needle-free injector; Mouse; Injection efficiency; Skin mound; Insulin

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202406035

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

As a relatively novel technique for drug delivery, the needle-free injection technique is characterized by transporting the drug liquid to the designated subcutaneous position through a high-speed micro-jet. Although this technique has been applied in many fields, the research on its drug dispersion mechanism and injection performance is insufficient. The presented study aims to identify critical parameters during the injection process and describe their influence on the injection effect. The injection completion rate and performance of a needle-free injector under various operating conditions were compared based on mouse experiments. The results show that the nozzle diameter imposes a more significant influence on jet characteristics than other injection parameters. Moreover, the injection completion rate increases with the nozzle diameter. The nozzle diameters of 0.14 mm and 0.25 mm correspond to injection completion rates of 89.7% and 95.8%, respectively. Furthermore, by analyzing the rate of blood glucose change in the tested mice, it is found that insulin administration through the needle-free injection can achieve a drug effect duration longer than 120 min, which is better than that obtained using conventional needle-syringe technique. In summary, the obtained conclusions can provide an important reference for the optimal design and extending application of the air-powered needle-free injector.

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3.	Zhao F, Zhang M, Xuan J, et al. Burden of insulin injection-related needlestick injuries in mainland China–prevalence, incidence, and healthcare costs. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2019, 97: 78-83.
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5.	Weniger B G, Papania M J. Alternative vaccine delivery methods. Vaccines, 2013, 61: 1200-1231.
6.	Shapiro J R, Hodgins B, Hendin H E, et al. Needle-free delivery of influenza vaccine using the Med-Jet® H4 is efficient and elicits the same humoral and cellular responses as standard IM injection: a randomized trial. Vaccine, 2019, 37(10): 1332-1339.
7.	Mohizin A, Kim J K. Current engineering and clinical aspects of needle-free injectors: a review. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2018, 32(12): 5737-5747.
8.	陈凯,周华. 弹簧式液体喷射注射过程的建模及实验研究. 中国生物医学工程学报, 2010, 29(1): 150-154.
9.	Portaro R, Ng H D. Experiments and modeling of air-powered needle-free liquid injectors. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 2015, 35: 685-695.
10.	Taberner A, Hogan N C, Hunter I W. Needle-free jet injection using real-time controlled linear Lorentz-force actuators. Medical Engineering & Physics, 2012, 34(9): 1228-1235.
11.	Rana B, Kamath R, Mishra M, et al. Impact of ion-specific interactions on laser-induced liquid microjet generation. Physics of Fluids, 2024, 36(2): 027102.
12.	Ankersen J, Birkbeck A E, Thomson R D, et al. Puncture resistance and tensile strength of skin simulants. Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 1999, 213(6): 493-501.
13.	Shergold O A, Fleck N A, King T S. The penetration of a soft solid by a liquid jet, with application to the administration of a needle-free injection. Journal of Biomechanics, 2006, 39(14): 2593-2602.
14.	Wang W, Men L, Wang Y, et al. Effect of needle-free injection on psychological insulin resistance and insulin dosage in patients with type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2024, 15: 1379830.
15.	Rane Y S, Marston J O. Transient modelling of impact driven needle-free injectors. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2021, 135: 104586.
16.	Wang Z, Song D, Wang J, et al. Simulation and experimental study on the influence of needle-free jet injection nozzle structure on injection performance. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2022, 68: 103043.
17.	Zeng D, Wu N, Qian L, et al. Experimental investigation on penetration performance of larger volume needle-free injection device. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2020, 34: 3897-3909.
18.	Gao Q, Noël G, Der Khatchadourian Z, et al. Needle-free injection: dental infiltration anesthesia. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2021, 604: 120765.
19.	Zhu Y, Kang C, Cai W, et al. Effects of operational parameters on performance of the air-powered needle-free injector. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2022, 36(8): 4327-4334.
20.	Grant T M, Stockwell K D, Morrison J B, et al. Effect of injection pressure and fluid volume and density on the jet dispersion pattern of needle-free injection devices. Biosystems Engineering, 2015, 138: 59-64.
21.	Mohizin A, Roy K E R, Lee D, et al. Computational fluid dynamics of impinging microjet for a needle-free skin scar treatment system. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2018, 101: 61-69.
22.	Zhu Y, Kang C, Cai W, et al. Drug injection and dispersion characteristics of an air-powered needle-free injector. Medical Engineering & Physics, 2022, 109: 103906.
23.	Mohizin A, Lee D, Kim J K. Impact of the mechanical properties of penetrated media on the injection characteristics of needle-free jet injection. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2021, 126: 110396.
24.	Marston J O, Lacerda C M R. Characterization of jet injection efficiency with mouse cadavers. Journal of Controlled Release, 2019, 305: 101-109.
25.	Rohilla P, Rane Y S, Lawal I, et al. Characterization of jets for impulsively-started needle-free jet injectors: influence of fluid properties. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2019, 53: 101167.
26.	Rohilla P, Marston J. Feasibility of laser induced jets in needle free jet injections. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2020, 589: 119714.
27.	Simmons J A, Davis J, Thomas J, et al. Characterization of skin blebs from intradermal jet injection: ex-vivo studies. Journal of Controlled Release, 2019, 307: 200-210.
28.	Schramm-Baxter J, Mitragotri S. Needle-free jet injections: dependence of jet penetration and dispersion in the skin on jet power. Journal of Controlled Release, 2004, 97(3): 527-535.
29.	Zeng D, Wu N, Xie L, et al. An experimental study of a spring-loaded needle-free injector: influence of the ejection volume and injector orifice diameter. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2019, 33: 5581-5588.
30.	Wang Q, Zhu Q, Li N. A scientometric analysis and visualization of scientific research and technology innovation in needle-free insulin injection from 1974 to 2022. Clinical Therapeutics, 2023, 45(9): 881-888.

1. Barolet D, Benohanian A. Current trends in needle-free jet injection: an update. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 2018, 11: 231-238.
2. Kakizaki M, Ikeda N, Ali M, et al. Needlestick and sharps injuries among health care workers at public tertiary hospitals in an urban community in Mongolia. BMC Research Notes, 2011, 4: 184.
3. Zhao F, Zhang M, Xuan J, et al. Burden of insulin injection-related needlestick injuries in mainland China–prevalence, incidence, and healthcare costs. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2019, 97: 78-83.
4. Mitragotri S. Current status and future prospects of needle-free liquid jet injectors. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2006, 5(7): 543-548.
5. Weniger B G, Papania M J. Alternative vaccine delivery methods. Vaccines, 2013, 61: 1200-1231.
6. Shapiro J R, Hodgins B, Hendin H E, et al. Needle-free delivery of influenza vaccine using the Med-Jet® H4 is efficient and elicits the same humoral and cellular responses as standard IM injection: a randomized trial. Vaccine, 2019, 37(10): 1332-1339.
7. Mohizin A, Kim J K. Current engineering and clinical aspects of needle-free injectors: a review. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2018, 32(12): 5737-5747.
8. 陈凯,周华. 弹簧式液体喷射注射过程的建模及实验研究. 中国生物医学工程学报, 2010, 29(1): 150-154.
9. Portaro R, Ng H D. Experiments and modeling of air-powered needle-free liquid injectors. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 2015, 35: 685-695.
10. Taberner A, Hogan N C, Hunter I W. Needle-free jet injection using real-time controlled linear Lorentz-force actuators. Medical Engineering & Physics, 2012, 34(9): 1228-1235.
11. Rana B, Kamath R, Mishra M, et al. Impact of ion-specific interactions on laser-induced liquid microjet generation. Physics of Fluids, 2024, 36(2): 027102.
12. Ankersen J, Birkbeck A E, Thomson R D, et al. Puncture resistance and tensile strength of skin simulants. Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 1999, 213(6): 493-501.
13. Shergold O A, Fleck N A, King T S. The penetration of a soft solid by a liquid jet, with application to the administration of a needle-free injection. Journal of Biomechanics, 2006, 39(14): 2593-2602.
14. Wang W, Men L, Wang Y, et al. Effect of needle-free injection on psychological insulin resistance and insulin dosage in patients with type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2024, 15: 1379830.
15. Rane Y S, Marston J O. Transient modelling of impact driven needle-free injectors. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2021, 135: 104586.
16. Wang Z, Song D, Wang J, et al. Simulation and experimental study on the influence of needle-free jet injection nozzle structure on injection performance. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2022, 68: 103043.
17. Zeng D, Wu N, Qian L, et al. Experimental investigation on penetration performance of larger volume needle-free injection device. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2020, 34: 3897-3909.
18. Gao Q, Noël G, Der Khatchadourian Z, et al. Needle-free injection: dental infiltration anesthesia. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2021, 604: 120765.
19. Zhu Y, Kang C, Cai W, et al. Effects of operational parameters on performance of the air-powered needle-free injector. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2022, 36(8): 4327-4334.
20. Grant T M, Stockwell K D, Morrison J B, et al. Effect of injection pressure and fluid volume and density on the jet dispersion pattern of needle-free injection devices. Biosystems Engineering, 2015, 138: 59-64.
21. Mohizin A, Roy K E R, Lee D, et al. Computational fluid dynamics of impinging microjet for a needle-free skin scar treatment system. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2018, 101: 61-69.
22. Zhu Y, Kang C, Cai W, et al. Drug injection and dispersion characteristics of an air-powered needle-free injector. Medical Engineering & Physics, 2022, 109: 103906.
23. Mohizin A, Lee D, Kim J K. Impact of the mechanical properties of penetrated media on the injection characteristics of needle-free jet injection. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2021, 126: 110396.
24. Marston J O, Lacerda C M R. Characterization of jet injection efficiency with mouse cadavers. Journal of Controlled Release, 2019, 305: 101-109.
25. Rohilla P, Rane Y S, Lawal I, et al. Characterization of jets for impulsively-started needle-free jet injectors: influence of fluid properties. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2019, 53: 101167.
26. Rohilla P, Marston J. Feasibility of laser induced jets in needle free jet injections. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2020, 589: 119714.
27. Simmons J A, Davis J, Thomas J, et al. Characterization of skin blebs from intradermal jet injection: ex-vivo studies. Journal of Controlled Release, 2019, 307: 200-210.
28. Schramm-Baxter J, Mitragotri S. Needle-free jet injections: dependence of jet penetration and dispersion in the skin on jet power. Journal of Controlled Release, 2004, 97(3): 527-535.
29. Zeng D, Wu N, Xie L, et al. An experimental study of a spring-loaded needle-free injector: influence of the ejection volume and injector orifice diameter. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2019, 33: 5581-5588.
30. Wang Q, Zhu Q, Li N. A scientometric analysis and visualization of scientific research and technology innovation in needle-free insulin injection from 1974 to 2022. Clinical Therapeutics, 2023, 45(9): 881-888.

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