- 1. Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, P. R. China;
- 2. Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, P. R. China;
- 3. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, P. R. China;
SHI Hongcan,
Email: shihongcan@yzu.edu.cn
The extracellular matrix provides a unique tissue-specific microenvironment for resident cells, supporting the essential functions required for tissue architecture and biochemical signaling. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is designed to eliminate cells that mediate immunological rejection while preserving the native tissue structure and matrix functionality. dECM has attracted significant attention in tissue engineering applications and has evolved into a novel and increasingly sophisticated biomaterial. This article summarizes representative protocols for decellularization methods, explores the latest applications of decellularized tissue-derived materials and bioinks in the field of cardiothoracic surgery, analyzes the current challenges and issues confronting dECM, and discusses future perspectives for its development.
Copyright © the editorial department of Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
| 1. | Acun A, Oganesyan R, Uygun K, et al. Liver donor age affects hepatocyte function through age-dependent changes in decellularized liver matrix. Biomaterials, 2021, 270: 120689. |
| 2. | Cui L, Zhao Y, Zhong Y, et al. Combining decellularized adipose tissue with decellularized adventitia extravascular matrix or small intestinal submucosa matrix for the construction of vascularized tissue-engineered adipose. Acta Biomater, 2023, 170: 567-579. |
| 3. | Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, et al. Extracellular matrix structure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2016, 97: 4-27. |
| 4. | Cramer MC, Badylak SF. Extracellular matrix-based biomaterials and their influence upon cell behavior. Ann Biomed Eng, 2020, 48(7): 2132-2153. |
| 5. | Järveläinen H, Sainio A, Koulu M, et al. Extracellular matrix molecules: Potential targets in pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev, 2009, 61(2): 198-223. |
| 6. | Jung CS, Kim BK, Lee J, et al. Development of printable natural cartilage matrix bioink for 3D printing of irregular tissue shape. Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2017, 15(2): 155-162. |
| 7. | Jansen KA, Atherton P, Ballestrem C. Mechanotransduction at the cell-matrix interface. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2017, 71: 75-83. |
| 8. | Aiyelabegan HT, Sadroddiny E. Fundamentals of protein and cell interactions in biomaterials. Biomed Pharmacother, 2017, 88: 956-970. |
| 9. | García-Gareta E, Abduldaiem Y, Sawadkar P, et al. Decellularised scaffolds: Just a framework? Current knowledge and future directions. J Tissue Eng, 2020, 11: 2041731420942903. |
| 10. | Batioglu-Karaaltin A, Ovali E, Karaaltin MV, et al. Decellularization of trachea with combined techniques for tissue-engineered trachea transplantation. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol, 2019, 12(1): 86-94. |
| 11. | 11 Meng H, Liu X, Liu R, et al. Decellularized laser micro-patterned osteochondral implants exhibit zonal recellularization and self-fixing for osteochondral regeneration in a goat model. J Orthop Translat, 2024, 46: 18-32. |
| 12. | Bjorgvinsdottir O, Ferguson SJ, Snorradottir BS, et al. The influence of physical and spatial substrate characteristics on endothelial cells. Mater Today Bio, 2024, 26: 101060. |
| 13. | Nakamura N, Kimura T, Kishida A. Overview of the development, applications, and future perspectives of decellularized tissues and organs. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2017, 3(7): 1236-1244. |
| 14. | Willemse J, Verstegen MMA, Vermeulen A, et al. Fast, robust and effective decellularization of whole human livers using mild detergents and pressure controlled perfusion. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2020, 108: 110200. |
| 15. | Mazza G, Telese A, Al-Akkad W, et al. Cirrhotic human liver extracellular matrix 3D scaffolds promote smad-dependent TGF-β1 epithelial mesenchymal transition. Cells, 2019, 9(1): 83. |
| 16. | Granato AEC, da Cruz EF, Rodrigues-Junior DM, et al. A novel decellularization method to produce brain scaffolds. Tissue Cell, 2020, 67: 101412. |
| 17. | Casali DM, Handleton RM, Shazly T, et al. A novel supercritical CO2-based decellularization method for maintaining scaffold hydration and mechanical properties. J Supercrit Fluid, 2018, 131: 72-81. |
| 18. | Hiemer B, Genz B, Jonitz-Heincke A, et al. Devitalisation of human cartilage by high hydrostatic pressure treatment: Subsequent cultivation of chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells on the devitalised tissue. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 33747. |
| 19. | Bongolan T, Whiteley J, Castillo-Prado J, et al. Decellularization of porcine kidney with submicellar concentrations of SDS results in the retention of ECM proteins required for the adhesion and maintenance of human adult renal epithelial cells. Biomater Sci, 2022, 10(11): 2972-2990. |
| 20. | Bera AK, Sriya Y, Pati F. Formulation of dermal tissue matrix bioink by a facile decellularization method and process optimization for 3D bioprinting toward translation research. Macromol Biosci, 2022, 22(8): e2200109. |
| 21. | Sengyoku H, Tsuchiya T, Obata T, et al. Sodium hydroxide based non-detergent decellularizing solution for rat lung. Organogenesis, 2018, 14(2): 94-106. |
| 22. | Garriboli M, Deguchi K, Totonelli G, et al. Development of a porcine acellular bladder matrix for tissue-engineered bladder reconstruction. Pediatr Surg Int, 2022, 38(5): 665-677. |
| 23. | Sarmin AM, Connelly JT. Fabrication of human skin equivalents using decellularized extracellular matrix. Curr Protoc, 2022, 2(3): e393. |
| 24. | Song ES, Park JH, Ha SS, et al. Novel corneal endothelial cell carrier couples a biodegradable polymer and a mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular matrix. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022, 14(10): 12116-12129. |
| 25. | Crapo PM, Gilbert TW, Badylak SF. An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(12): 3233-3243. |
| 26. | Garreta E, Oria R, Tarantino C, et al. Tissue engineering by decellularization and 3D bioprinting. Mater Today, 2017, 20(4): 166-178. |
| 27. | Weng W, Zanetti F, Bovard D, et al. A simple method for decellularizing a cell-derived matrix for bone cell cultivation and differentiation. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2021, 32(9): 124. |
| 28. | Mora-Navarro C, Garcia ME, Sarker P, et al. Monitoring decellularization via absorbance spectroscopy during the derivation of extracellular matrix scaffolds. Biomed Mater, 2021, 17(1): 1-15. |
| 29. | Xu K, Kuntz LA, Foehr P, et al. Efficient decellularization for tissue engineering of the tendon-bone interface with preservation of biomechanics. PLoS One, 2017, 12(2): e0171577. |
| 30. | Andreas MN, Boehm AK, Tang P, et al. Development and systematic evaluation of decellularization protocols in different application models for diaphragmatic tissue engineering. Biomater Adv, 2023, 153: 213493. |
| 31. | Chiti MC, Vanacker J, Ouni E, et al. Ovarian extracellular matrix-based hydrogel for human ovarian follicle survival in vivo: A pilot work. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2022, 110(5): 1012-1022. |
| 32. | Song YH, Maynes MA, Hlavac N, et al. Development of novel apoptosis-assisted lung tissue decellularization methods. Biomater Sci, 2021, 9(9): 3485-3498. |
| 33. | Simsa R, Padma AM, Heher P, et al. Systematic in vitro comparison of decellularization protocols for blood vessels. PLoS One, 2018, 13(12): e0209269. |
| 34. | Schneider C, Lehmann J, van Osch GJ, et al. Systematic comparison of protocols for the preparation of human articular cartilage for use as scaffold material in cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods, 2016, 22(12): 1095-1107. |
| 35. | Baiguera S, Jungebluth P, Burns A, et al. Tissue engineered human tracheas for in vivo implantation. Biomaterials, 2010, 31(34): 8931-8938. |
| 36. | Mazza G, Rombouts K, Rennie Hall A, et al. Decellularized human liver as a natural 3D-scaffold for liver bioengineering and transplantation. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 13079. |
| 37. | Mazza G, Al-Akkad W, Telese A, et al. Rapid production of human liver scaffolds for functional tissue engineering by high shear stress oscillation-decellularization. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 5534. |
| 38. | Friedrich EE, Lanier ST, Niknam-Bienia S, et al. Residual sodium dodecyl sulfate in decellularized muscle matrices leads to fibroblast activation in vitro and foreign body response in vivo. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2018, 12(3): e1704-e1715. |
| 39. | Hippler M, Lemma ED, Bertels S, et al. 3D scaffolds to study basic cell biology. Adv Mater, 2019, 31(26): e1808110. |
| 40. | De Santis MM, Alsafadi HN, Tas S, et al. Extracellular-matrix-reinforced bioinks for 3D bioprinting human tissue. Adv Mater, 2021, 33(3): e2005476. |
| 41. | Choudhury D, Yee M, Sheng ZLJ, et al. Decellularization systems and devices: State-of-the-art. Acta Biomater, 2020, 115: 51-59. |
| 42. | Golebiowska AA, Intravaia JT, Sathe VM, et al. Decellularized extracellular matrix biomaterials for regenerative therapies: Advances, challenges and clinical prospects. Bioact Mater, 2023 Oct 4: 32: 98-123. |
| 43. | Ott HC, Clippinger B, Conrad C, et al. Regeneration and orthotopic transplantation of a bioartificial lung. Nat Med, 2010, 16(8): 927-933. |
| 44. | Tan Q, Steiner R, Yang L, et al. Accelerated angiogenesis by continuous medium flow with vascular endothelial growth factor inside tissue-engineered trachea. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2007, 31(5): 806-811. |
| 45. | Jang J, Park HJ, Kim SW, et al. 3D printed complex tissue construct using stem cell-laden decellularized extracellular matrix bioinks for cardiac repair. Biomaterials, 2017, 112: 264-274. |
| 46. | Ebrahimi Sadrabadi A, Baei P, Hosseini S, et al. Decellularized extracellular matrix as a potent natural biomaterial for regenerative medicine. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2021, 1341: 27-43. |
| 47. | Wu K, Wang Y, Yang H, et al. Injectable decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel containing stromal cell-derived factor 1 promotes transplanted cardiomyocyte engraftment and functional regeneration after myocardial infarction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023, 15(2): 2578-2589. |
| 48. | Idaszek J, Costantini M, Karlsen TA, et al. 3D bioprinting of hydrogel constructs with cell and material gradients for the regeneration of full-thickness chondral defect using a microfluidic printing head. Biofabrication, 2019, 11(4): 044101. |
| 49. | 49 VeDepo MC, Detamore MS, Hopkins RA, et al. Recellularization of decellularized heart valves: Progress toward the tissue-engineered heart valve. J Tissue Eng, 2017, 8: 2041731417726327. |
| 50. | Ott HC, Matthiesen TS, Goh SK, et al. Perfusion-decellularized matrix: using nature's platform to engineer a bioartificial heart. Nat Med, 2008, 14(2): 213-221. |
| 51. | Seo Y, Jung Y, Kim SH. Decellularized heart ECM hydrogel using supercritical carbon dioxide for improved angiogenesis. Acta Biomater, 2018, 67: 270-281. |
| 52. | Snyder Y, Jana S. Strategies for development of decellularized heart valve scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2022, 288: 121675. |
| 53. | Zhou J, Ding J, Zhu Z, et al. Surface biofunctionalization of the decellularized porcine aortic valve with VEGF-loaded nanoparticles for accelerating endothelialization. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2019, 97: 632-643. |
| 54. | Luo Y, Huang S, Ma L. Zwitterionic hydrogel-coated heart valves with improved endothelialization and anti-calcification properties. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2021, 128: 112329. |
| 55. | Gao G, Lee JH, Jang J, et al. Tissue engineered bio-blood-vessels constructed using a tissue-specific bioink and 3D coaxial cell printing technique: A novel therapy for ischemic disease. Adv Funct Mater, 2017, 27(33): 1700798. |
| 56. | Xu Y, Hu Y, Liu C, et al. A novel strategy for creating tissue-engineered biomimetic blood vessels using 3D bioprinting technology. Materials (Basel), 2018, 11(9): 1581. |
| 57. | Gao G, Park JY, Kim BS, et al. Coaxial cell printing of freestanding, perfusable, and functional in vitro vascular models for recapitulation of native vascular endothelium pathophysiology. Adv Healthc Mater, 2018, 7(23): e1801102. |
| 58. | Young BM, Shankar K, Tho CK, et al. Laminin-driven Epac/Rap1 regulation of epithelial barriers on decellularized matrix. Acta Biomater, 2019, 100: 223-234. |
| 59. | Obata T, Tsuchiya T, Akita S, et al. Utilization of natural detergent potassium laurate for decellularization in lung bioengineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods, 2019, 25(8): 459-471. |
| 60. | Yuan Y, Engler AJ, Raredon MS, et al. Epac agonist improves barrier function in iPSC-derived endothelial colony forming cells for whole organ tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2019, 200: 25-34. |
| 61. | Go T, Jungebluth P, Baiguero S, et al. Both epithelial cells and mesenchymal stem cell-derived chondrocytes contribute to the survival of tissue-engineered airway transplants in pigs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 139(2): 437-443. |
| 62. | Zhong Y, Yang W, Yin Pan Z, et al. In vivo transplantation of stem cells with a genipin linked scaffold for tracheal construction. J Biomater Appl, 2019, 34(1): 47-60. |
| 63. | Park JY, Ryu H, Lee B, et al. Development of a functional airway-on-a-chip by 3D cell printing. Biofabrication, 2018, 11(1): 015002. |
| 64. | Park JH, Park JY, Nam IC, et al. A rational tissue engineering strategy based on three-dimensional (3D) printing for extensive circumferential tracheal reconstruction. Biomaterials, 2018, 185: 276-283. |
- 1. Acun A, Oganesyan R, Uygun K, et al. Liver donor age affects hepatocyte function through age-dependent changes in decellularized liver matrix. Biomaterials, 2021, 270: 120689.
- 2. Cui L, Zhao Y, Zhong Y, et al. Combining decellularized adipose tissue with decellularized adventitia extravascular matrix or small intestinal submucosa matrix for the construction of vascularized tissue-engineered adipose. Acta Biomater, 2023, 170: 567-579.
- 3. Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, et al. Extracellular matrix structure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2016, 97: 4-27.
- 4. Cramer MC, Badylak SF. Extracellular matrix-based biomaterials and their influence upon cell behavior. Ann Biomed Eng, 2020, 48(7): 2132-2153.
- 5. Järveläinen H, Sainio A, Koulu M, et al. Extracellular matrix molecules: Potential targets in pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev, 2009, 61(2): 198-223.
- 6. Jung CS, Kim BK, Lee J, et al. Development of printable natural cartilage matrix bioink for 3D printing of irregular tissue shape. Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2017, 15(2): 155-162.
- 7. Jansen KA, Atherton P, Ballestrem C. Mechanotransduction at the cell-matrix interface. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2017, 71: 75-83.
- 8. Aiyelabegan HT, Sadroddiny E. Fundamentals of protein and cell interactions in biomaterials. Biomed Pharmacother, 2017, 88: 956-970.
- 9. García-Gareta E, Abduldaiem Y, Sawadkar P, et al. Decellularised scaffolds: Just a framework? Current knowledge and future directions. J Tissue Eng, 2020, 11: 2041731420942903.
- 10. Batioglu-Karaaltin A, Ovali E, Karaaltin MV, et al. Decellularization of trachea with combined techniques for tissue-engineered trachea transplantation. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol, 2019, 12(1): 86-94.
- 11. 11 Meng H, Liu X, Liu R, et al. Decellularized laser micro-patterned osteochondral implants exhibit zonal recellularization and self-fixing for osteochondral regeneration in a goat model. J Orthop Translat, 2024, 46: 18-32.
- 12. Bjorgvinsdottir O, Ferguson SJ, Snorradottir BS, et al. The influence of physical and spatial substrate characteristics on endothelial cells. Mater Today Bio, 2024, 26: 101060.
- 13. Nakamura N, Kimura T, Kishida A. Overview of the development, applications, and future perspectives of decellularized tissues and organs. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2017, 3(7): 1236-1244.
- 14. Willemse J, Verstegen MMA, Vermeulen A, et al. Fast, robust and effective decellularization of whole human livers using mild detergents and pressure controlled perfusion. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2020, 108: 110200.
- 15. Mazza G, Telese A, Al-Akkad W, et al. Cirrhotic human liver extracellular matrix 3D scaffolds promote smad-dependent TGF-β1 epithelial mesenchymal transition. Cells, 2019, 9(1): 83.
- 16. Granato AEC, da Cruz EF, Rodrigues-Junior DM, et al. A novel decellularization method to produce brain scaffolds. Tissue Cell, 2020, 67: 101412.
- 17. Casali DM, Handleton RM, Shazly T, et al. A novel supercritical CO2-based decellularization method for maintaining scaffold hydration and mechanical properties. J Supercrit Fluid, 2018, 131: 72-81.
- 18. Hiemer B, Genz B, Jonitz-Heincke A, et al. Devitalisation of human cartilage by high hydrostatic pressure treatment: Subsequent cultivation of chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells on the devitalised tissue. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 33747.
- 19. Bongolan T, Whiteley J, Castillo-Prado J, et al. Decellularization of porcine kidney with submicellar concentrations of SDS results in the retention of ECM proteins required for the adhesion and maintenance of human adult renal epithelial cells. Biomater Sci, 2022, 10(11): 2972-2990.
- 20. Bera AK, Sriya Y, Pati F. Formulation of dermal tissue matrix bioink by a facile decellularization method and process optimization for 3D bioprinting toward translation research. Macromol Biosci, 2022, 22(8): e2200109.
- 21. Sengyoku H, Tsuchiya T, Obata T, et al. Sodium hydroxide based non-detergent decellularizing solution for rat lung. Organogenesis, 2018, 14(2): 94-106.
- 22. Garriboli M, Deguchi K, Totonelli G, et al. Development of a porcine acellular bladder matrix for tissue-engineered bladder reconstruction. Pediatr Surg Int, 2022, 38(5): 665-677.
- 23. Sarmin AM, Connelly JT. Fabrication of human skin equivalents using decellularized extracellular matrix. Curr Protoc, 2022, 2(3): e393.
- 24. Song ES, Park JH, Ha SS, et al. Novel corneal endothelial cell carrier couples a biodegradable polymer and a mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular matrix. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022, 14(10): 12116-12129.
- 25. Crapo PM, Gilbert TW, Badylak SF. An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(12): 3233-3243.
- 26. Garreta E, Oria R, Tarantino C, et al. Tissue engineering by decellularization and 3D bioprinting. Mater Today, 2017, 20(4): 166-178.
- 27. Weng W, Zanetti F, Bovard D, et al. A simple method for decellularizing a cell-derived matrix for bone cell cultivation and differentiation. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2021, 32(9): 124.
- 28. Mora-Navarro C, Garcia ME, Sarker P, et al. Monitoring decellularization via absorbance spectroscopy during the derivation of extracellular matrix scaffolds. Biomed Mater, 2021, 17(1): 1-15.
- 29. Xu K, Kuntz LA, Foehr P, et al. Efficient decellularization for tissue engineering of the tendon-bone interface with preservation of biomechanics. PLoS One, 2017, 12(2): e0171577.
- 30. Andreas MN, Boehm AK, Tang P, et al. Development and systematic evaluation of decellularization protocols in different application models for diaphragmatic tissue engineering. Biomater Adv, 2023, 153: 213493.
- 31. Chiti MC, Vanacker J, Ouni E, et al. Ovarian extracellular matrix-based hydrogel for human ovarian follicle survival in vivo: A pilot work. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2022, 110(5): 1012-1022.
- 32. Song YH, Maynes MA, Hlavac N, et al. Development of novel apoptosis-assisted lung tissue decellularization methods. Biomater Sci, 2021, 9(9): 3485-3498.
- 33. Simsa R, Padma AM, Heher P, et al. Systematic in vitro comparison of decellularization protocols for blood vessels. PLoS One, 2018, 13(12): e0209269.
- 34. Schneider C, Lehmann J, van Osch GJ, et al. Systematic comparison of protocols for the preparation of human articular cartilage for use as scaffold material in cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods, 2016, 22(12): 1095-1107.
- 35. Baiguera S, Jungebluth P, Burns A, et al. Tissue engineered human tracheas for in vivo implantation. Biomaterials, 2010, 31(34): 8931-8938.
- 36. Mazza G, Rombouts K, Rennie Hall A, et al. Decellularized human liver as a natural 3D-scaffold for liver bioengineering and transplantation. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 13079.
- 37. Mazza G, Al-Akkad W, Telese A, et al. Rapid production of human liver scaffolds for functional tissue engineering by high shear stress oscillation-decellularization. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 5534.
- 38. Friedrich EE, Lanier ST, Niknam-Bienia S, et al. Residual sodium dodecyl sulfate in decellularized muscle matrices leads to fibroblast activation in vitro and foreign body response in vivo. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2018, 12(3): e1704-e1715.
- 39. Hippler M, Lemma ED, Bertels S, et al. 3D scaffolds to study basic cell biology. Adv Mater, 2019, 31(26): e1808110.
- 40. De Santis MM, Alsafadi HN, Tas S, et al. Extracellular-matrix-reinforced bioinks for 3D bioprinting human tissue. Adv Mater, 2021, 33(3): e2005476.
- 41. Choudhury D, Yee M, Sheng ZLJ, et al. Decellularization systems and devices: State-of-the-art. Acta Biomater, 2020, 115: 51-59.
- 42. Golebiowska AA, Intravaia JT, Sathe VM, et al. Decellularized extracellular matrix biomaterials for regenerative therapies: Advances, challenges and clinical prospects. Bioact Mater, 2023 Oct 4: 32: 98-123.
- 43. Ott HC, Clippinger B, Conrad C, et al. Regeneration and orthotopic transplantation of a bioartificial lung. Nat Med, 2010, 16(8): 927-933.
- 44. Tan Q, Steiner R, Yang L, et al. Accelerated angiogenesis by continuous medium flow with vascular endothelial growth factor inside tissue-engineered trachea. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2007, 31(5): 806-811.
- 45. Jang J, Park HJ, Kim SW, et al. 3D printed complex tissue construct using stem cell-laden decellularized extracellular matrix bioinks for cardiac repair. Biomaterials, 2017, 112: 264-274.
- 46. Ebrahimi Sadrabadi A, Baei P, Hosseini S, et al. Decellularized extracellular matrix as a potent natural biomaterial for regenerative medicine. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2021, 1341: 27-43.
- 47. Wu K, Wang Y, Yang H, et al. Injectable decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel containing stromal cell-derived factor 1 promotes transplanted cardiomyocyte engraftment and functional regeneration after myocardial infarction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023, 15(2): 2578-2589.
- 48. Idaszek J, Costantini M, Karlsen TA, et al. 3D bioprinting of hydrogel constructs with cell and material gradients for the regeneration of full-thickness chondral defect using a microfluidic printing head. Biofabrication, 2019, 11(4): 044101.
- 49. 49 VeDepo MC, Detamore MS, Hopkins RA, et al. Recellularization of decellularized heart valves: Progress toward the tissue-engineered heart valve. J Tissue Eng, 2017, 8: 2041731417726327.
- 50. Ott HC, Matthiesen TS, Goh SK, et al. Perfusion-decellularized matrix: using nature's platform to engineer a bioartificial heart. Nat Med, 2008, 14(2): 213-221.
- 51. Seo Y, Jung Y, Kim SH. Decellularized heart ECM hydrogel using supercritical carbon dioxide for improved angiogenesis. Acta Biomater, 2018, 67: 270-281.
- 52. Snyder Y, Jana S. Strategies for development of decellularized heart valve scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2022, 288: 121675.
- 53. Zhou J, Ding J, Zhu Z, et al. Surface biofunctionalization of the decellularized porcine aortic valve with VEGF-loaded nanoparticles for accelerating endothelialization. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2019, 97: 632-643.
- 54. Luo Y, Huang S, Ma L. Zwitterionic hydrogel-coated heart valves with improved endothelialization and anti-calcification properties. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2021, 128: 112329.
- 55. Gao G, Lee JH, Jang J, et al. Tissue engineered bio-blood-vessels constructed using a tissue-specific bioink and 3D coaxial cell printing technique: A novel therapy for ischemic disease. Adv Funct Mater, 2017, 27(33): 1700798.
- 56. Xu Y, Hu Y, Liu C, et al. A novel strategy for creating tissue-engineered biomimetic blood vessels using 3D bioprinting technology. Materials (Basel), 2018, 11(9): 1581.
- 57. Gao G, Park JY, Kim BS, et al. Coaxial cell printing of freestanding, perfusable, and functional in vitro vascular models for recapitulation of native vascular endothelium pathophysiology. Adv Healthc Mater, 2018, 7(23): e1801102.
- 58. Young BM, Shankar K, Tho CK, et al. Laminin-driven Epac/Rap1 regulation of epithelial barriers on decellularized matrix. Acta Biomater, 2019, 100: 223-234.
- 59. Obata T, Tsuchiya T, Akita S, et al. Utilization of natural detergent potassium laurate for decellularization in lung bioengineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods, 2019, 25(8): 459-471.
- 60. Yuan Y, Engler AJ, Raredon MS, et al. Epac agonist improves barrier function in iPSC-derived endothelial colony forming cells for whole organ tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2019, 200: 25-34.
- 61. Go T, Jungebluth P, Baiguero S, et al. Both epithelial cells and mesenchymal stem cell-derived chondrocytes contribute to the survival of tissue-engineered airway transplants in pigs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 139(2): 437-443.
- 62. Zhong Y, Yang W, Yin Pan Z, et al. In vivo transplantation of stem cells with a genipin linked scaffold for tracheal construction. J Biomater Appl, 2019, 34(1): 47-60.
- 63. Park JY, Ryu H, Lee B, et al. Development of a functional airway-on-a-chip by 3D cell printing. Biofabrication, 2018, 11(1): 015002.
- 64. Park JH, Park JY, Nam IC, et al. A rational tissue engineering strategy based on three-dimensional (3D) printing for extensive circumferential tracheal reconstruction. Biomaterials, 2018, 185: 276-283.