2024 Annual report of interventional treatment for congenital heart disease_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

ZHANG Changdong ¹ , ZHONG Yucheng ¹ , LI Geng ¹ , TIAN Jun ¹ , ZHANG Gejun ² , DONG Nianguo ¹ , FENG Yuan ³ , ZHOU Daxin ⁴ , WU Yongjian ⁵ , CHEN Lianglong ⁶ ,  SHANG Xiaoke ¹

1. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, P. R. China;
2. Structural Heart Disease Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences andPeking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, P. R. China;
3. Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;
4. Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China;
5. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, P.R.China;
6. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital,Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

SHANG Xiaoke, Email: 14236338@qq.com

Keywords：

Congenital heart disease; interventional treatment; patent foramen ovale; patent foramen ovale-related stroke; transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement; lifelong management; artificial intelligence; residual shunt

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202504082

Video：

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In recent years, with the continuous development and increasing maturity of interventional techniques, interventional treatment for congenital heart disease (CHD) has been progressively disseminated to county- and city-level hospitals in China. Concurrently, the standardized management of adult CHD (particularly patent foramen ovale) and the lifelong management of complex CHD are gaining increasing clinical attention, while the emergence of new techniques and products continuously advances the discipline. This article aims to review the new progress made in the field of interventional treatment for congenital heart disease in China during 2024. It specifically reviews and analyzes the following key aspects: (1) annual statistics on interventional closure procedures for CHD; (2) recent insights into patent foramen ovale closure; (3) advances in transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement; (4) interventional treatment and lifelong management strategies for complex CHD; (5) new interventional techniques for acquired heart disease; and (6) the application of artificial intelligence in CHD management. Through the synthesis and discussion of these topics, this article seeks to provide a detailed analysis of the current landscape of interventional treatment for CHD in China and project its future development trends.

1.	Sievert K. Positive ten-year outcomes from the first-in-human (FIH) trial of reSept ASD occluder. Presented at CSI Frankfurt, March 1-3, 2024.
2.	Goldsweig AM, Deng Y, Yao X, et al. Approval, evidence, and "off-label" device utilization: The patent foramen ovale closure story. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 2024, 17(1): e010200.
3.	中国人体健康科技促进会结构性心脏病专委会, 中国医师协会神经内科分会. 卵圆孔未闭相关非卒中性疾病防治中国专家共识. 心脏杂志, 2024, 36(2): 125-134.China Health Promotion Association, Specialty Committee on Structural Heart Disease; Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Subcommittee of Neurology. Chinese expert consensus on the prevention and management of non-stroke-related diseases associated with patent foramen ovale (PFO). Chin Heart J, 2024, 36(2): 125-134.
4.	中华医学会心血管病学分会, 中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会. 卵圆孔未闭规范化诊疗中国专家共识. 中华心血管病杂志, 2024, 52(4): 369-383.Chinese Medical Association, Society of Cardiovascular Diseases; Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Cardiology. Chinese expert consensus on standardized diagnosis and treatment of patent foramen ovale (PFO). Chin J Cardiol, 2024, 52(4): 369-383.
5.	Ntaios G, Baumgartner H, Doehner W, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: A clinical consensus statement of the ESC Council on Stroke, the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the European Heart Rhythm Association of the ESC. Eur Heart J, 2024, 45(19): 1701-1715.
6.	Caso V, Turc G, Abdul-Rahim AH, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patent foramen ovale (PFO) after stroke. Eur Stroke J, 2024, 9(4): 800-834.
7.	Shah AH, Osten M, Benson L, et al. Incidence and outcomes of positive bubble contrast study results after transcatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2018, 11(10): 1095-1104.
8.	Melillo F, Popusoi G, Frecentese F, et al. Is moderate/large residual shunt after PFO closure justifiable for a patient with a prior history of cryptogenic stroke and transient ischemic attack? Int Heart J, 2024, 65(1): 146-151.
9.	Sun L, Fan Z, Gao J, et al. Association between patent foramen ovale morphology and clinical outcomes following transcatheter closure. Int J Cardiol, 2024, 412: 132307.
10.	Inan D, Ozbay B, Demırtola Mammadli AI, et al. Predictors of residual right to left shunt in patients undergoing percutaneous transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure: A new clue "inferior vena cava-patent foramen ovale angle". J Clin Med, 2024, 13(22): 6703.
11.	Ilkay E, Sariçam E, Kaçmaz F, et al. The detailed transseptal puncture technique for optimal closure in patients with a patent foramen ovale. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2024, 11: 1453459.
12.	Yan C, Li H. Preliminary investigation of in situ thrombus within patent foramen ovale in patients with and without stroke. JAMA, 2021, 325(20): 2116-2118.
13.	Ren W, Huang H, Hu H. Optical coherence tomography imaging evidence of thrombus inside the tunnel of patent foramen ovale. Eur Heart J, 2022, 43(39): 3982.
14.	Hou S, Zhan Z, Fan J, et al. Association of in situ thrombus within the patent foramen ovale and patients with migraine: A prospective cohort study. Heliyon, 2024, 10(11): e32105.
15.	Wang XY, He L, Xie XG, et al. Thrombus inside the channel of patent foramen ovale revealed by optical coherence tomography imaging in a patient with myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Case Rep, 2024, 8(7): 304.
16.	Liu W, Song B, Li B. Myocardial infarction caused by in situ thrombosis of a patent foramen ovale assessed by optical coherence tomography. Eur Heart J, 2024, 45(5): 403.
17.	Bonnesen K, Korsholm K, Andersen A, et al. Risk of ischemic stroke after patent foramen ovale closure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 84(15): 1424-1433.
18.	Farjat-Pasos JI, Guedeney P, Horlick E, et al. Determinants of adverse outcomes following patent foramen ovale closure in elderly patients. EuroIntervention, 2024, 20(16): 1029-1038.
19.	Lee PH, Kim JS, Song JK, et al. Device closure or antithrombotic therapy after cryptogenic stroke in elderly patients with a high-risk patent foramen ovale. J Stroke, 2024, 26(2): 242-251.
20.	Eichelmann A, Kubini R, Nachoski D, et al. Patent foramen ovale closure versus drug therapy in patients over 60 years and a follow-up of 5 years. Clin Cardiol, 2024, 47(3): e24251.
21.	Ben-Assa E, Kolte D, Sakhuja R, et al. PFO closure in patients older than 60 years: Reconsidering FDA age-based approval policies. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(19): 2317-2319.
22.	Alperi A, Guedeney P, Horlick E, et al. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in older patients with cryptogenic thromboembolic events. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2022, 15(7): e011652.
23.	Farjat-Pasos JI, Chamorro A, Lanthier S, et al. Cerebrovascular events in older patients with patent foramen ovale: Current status and future perspectives. J Stroke, 2023, 25(3): 338-349.
24.	Hauguel-Moreau M, Guedeney P, Dauphin C, et al. Flecainide to prevent atrial arrhythmia after patent foramen ovale closure: AFLOAT study, a randomized clinical trial. Circulation, 2024, 150(21): 1659-1668.
25.	Badoz M, Derimay F, Serzian G, et al. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale closure: Protocol for the prospective, observational PFO-AF study. BMJ Open, 2023, 13(9): e074584.
26.	Reddy SA, Peverelli M, MacCarthy T, et al. Influence of device choice on atrial arrhythmia incidence following percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(19): 2320-2321.
27.	Ravellette KS, Gornbein J, Tobis JM. Incidence of atrial fibrillation or arrhythmias after patent foramen ovale closure. J Soc Cardiovasc Angiogr Interv, 2023, 3(1): 101173.
28.	Schmidt MR. The expanding future of transcatheter pulmonary valves. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(19): 2298-2300.
29.	Goldstein BH, McElhinney DB, Gillespie MJ, et al. Early outcomes from a multicenter transcatheter self-expanding pulmonary valve replacement registry. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 83(14): 1310-1321.
30.	Dimas VV, Babaliaros V, Kim D, et al. Multicenter pivotal study of the Alterra adaptive prestent for the treatment of pulmonary regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(19): 2287-2297.
31.	Jin Q, Long Y, Zhang G, et al. Five-year follow-up after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation using the Venus P-valve system for patients with pulmonary regurgitation and an enlarged native right ventricular outflow tract. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 103(2): 359-366.
32.	Stefanescu Schmidt AC, Armstrong AK, Aboulhosn JA, et al. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement with balloon-expandable valves: Utilization and procedural outcomes from the IMPACT registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(2): 231-244.
33.	Gröning M, Smerup MH, Munk K, et al. Pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot: Procedural volume and durability of bioprosthetic pulmonary valves. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(2): 217-227.
34.	Ueyama HA, Greenbaum AB, Leshnower BG, et al. Physician-modified endograft-facilitated transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in large right ventricular outflow tract. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2023, 16(9): e013123.
35.	Kamioka N, Babaliaros VC, Lisko JC, et al. Single-barrel, double-barrel, and fenestrated endografts to facilitate transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in large RVOT. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2020, 13(23): 2755-2765.
36.	Flores-Umanzor E, Alshehri B, Keshvara R, et al. Transcatheter-based interventions for tetralogy of Fallot across all age groups. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(9): 1079-1090.
37.	Geva T, Wald RM, Bucholz E, et al. Long-term management of right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2024, 150(25): e689-e707.
38.	Frankel WC, Robinson JA, Roselli EE, et al. Lifetime management of adolescents and young adults with congenital aortic valve disease. Ann Thorac Surg, 2025, 119(1): 59-69.
39.	Turek JW, Kang L, Overbey DM, et al. Partial heart transplant in a neonate with irreparable truncal valve dysfunction. JAMA, 2024, 331(1): 60-64.
40.	Alexander B, Contorno E, Javed H, et al. Domino partial heart transplantation. Am J Transplant, 2025, 25(4): 669-673.
41.	Rajab TK, Vogel AD, Turek JW. Partial heart transplantation: A new option for paediatric heart valve replacement. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2024, 21(5): 277-278.
42.	Rajab TK, Mitta A, Reemtsen BL. Partial heart transplantation. Circulation, 2024, 150(17): 1313-1314.
43.	Güner A, Kırma C, Ertürk M, et al. Transcatheter closure or surgery for symptomatic paravalvular leaks: The multicenter KISS registry. J Am Heart Assoc, 2024, 13(1): e032262.
44.	Belahnech Y, Aguasca GM, García Del Blanco B, et al. Impact of a successful percutaneous mitral paravalvular leak closure on long-term major clinical outcomes. Can J Cardiol, 2024, 40(7): 1213-1222.
45.	Ueyama HA, Greenbaum AB, Xie JX, et al. Transcatheter paravalvular leak closure with covered stent tract and vascular plug: Tootsie roll technique. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(5): 635-644.
46.	Schlotter F, Huber K, Hassager C, et al. Ventricular septal defect complicating acute myocardial infarction: Diagnosis and management. A clinical consensus statement of the Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care (ACVC) of the ESC, the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) of the ESC and the ESC Working Group on Cardiovascular Surgery. Eur Heart J, 2024, 45(28): 2478-2492.
47.	Cubeddu RJ, Lorusso R, Ronco D, et al. Ventricular septal rupture after myocardial infarction: JACC focus seminar 3/5. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 83(19): 1886-1901.
48.	Ueyama HA, Leshnower BG, Inci EK, et al. Hybrid closure of postinfarction apical ventricular septal defect using septal occluder device and right ventricular free wall: The apical BASSINET concept. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2023, 16(10): e013243.
49.	Oikonomou EK, Khera R. Expanding artificial intelligence to understudied populations: Congenital heart disease as the next frontier. Eur Heart J, 2025, 46(9): 869-871.
50.	Jone PN, Gearhart A, Lei H, et al. Artificial intelligence in congenital heart disease: Current state and prospects. JACC Adv, 2022, 1(5): 100153.
51.	Jain SS, Elias P, Clark DE. Democratizing congenital heart disease management: The potential for AI-enabled care and necessary future directions. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 84(9): 829-831.
52.	Tandon A, Avari Silva JN, Bhatt AB, et al. Advancing wearable biosensors for congenital heart disease: Patient and clinician perspectives: A science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2024, 149(19): e1134-e1142.

1. Sievert K. Positive ten-year outcomes from the first-in-human (FIH) trial of reSept ASD occluder. Presented at CSI Frankfurt, March 1-3, 2024.
2. Goldsweig AM, Deng Y, Yao X, et al. Approval, evidence, and "off-label" device utilization: The patent foramen ovale closure story. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 2024, 17(1): e010200.
3. 中国人体健康科技促进会结构性心脏病专委会, 中国医师协会神经内科分会. 卵圆孔未闭相关非卒中性疾病防治中国专家共识. 心脏杂志, 2024, 36(2): 125-134.China Health Promotion Association, Specialty Committee on Structural Heart Disease; Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Subcommittee of Neurology. Chinese expert consensus on the prevention and management of non-stroke-related diseases associated with patent foramen ovale (PFO). Chin Heart J, 2024, 36(2): 125-134.
4. 中华医学会心血管病学分会, 中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会. 卵圆孔未闭规范化诊疗中国专家共识. 中华心血管病杂志, 2024, 52(4): 369-383.Chinese Medical Association, Society of Cardiovascular Diseases; Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Cardiology. Chinese expert consensus on standardized diagnosis and treatment of patent foramen ovale (PFO). Chin J Cardiol, 2024, 52(4): 369-383.
5. Ntaios G, Baumgartner H, Doehner W, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: A clinical consensus statement of the ESC Council on Stroke, the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the European Heart Rhythm Association of the ESC. Eur Heart J, 2024, 45(19): 1701-1715.
6. Caso V, Turc G, Abdul-Rahim AH, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patent foramen ovale (PFO) after stroke. Eur Stroke J, 2024, 9(4): 800-834.
7. Shah AH, Osten M, Benson L, et al. Incidence and outcomes of positive bubble contrast study results after transcatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2018, 11(10): 1095-1104.
8. Melillo F, Popusoi G, Frecentese F, et al. Is moderate/large residual shunt after PFO closure justifiable for a patient with a prior history of cryptogenic stroke and transient ischemic attack? Int Heart J, 2024, 65(1): 146-151.
9. Sun L, Fan Z, Gao J, et al. Association between patent foramen ovale morphology and clinical outcomes following transcatheter closure. Int J Cardiol, 2024, 412: 132307.
10. Inan D, Ozbay B, Demırtola Mammadli AI, et al. Predictors of residual right to left shunt in patients undergoing percutaneous transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure: A new clue "inferior vena cava-patent foramen ovale angle". J Clin Med, 2024, 13(22): 6703.
11. Ilkay E, Sariçam E, Kaçmaz F, et al. The detailed transseptal puncture technique for optimal closure in patients with a patent foramen ovale. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2024, 11: 1453459.
12. Yan C, Li H. Preliminary investigation of in situ thrombus within patent foramen ovale in patients with and without stroke. JAMA, 2021, 325(20): 2116-2118.
13. Ren W, Huang H, Hu H. Optical coherence tomography imaging evidence of thrombus inside the tunnel of patent foramen ovale. Eur Heart J, 2022, 43(39): 3982.
14. Hou S, Zhan Z, Fan J, et al. Association of in situ thrombus within the patent foramen ovale and patients with migraine: A prospective cohort study. Heliyon, 2024, 10(11): e32105.
15. Wang XY, He L, Xie XG, et al. Thrombus inside the channel of patent foramen ovale revealed by optical coherence tomography imaging in a patient with myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Case Rep, 2024, 8(7): 304.
16. Liu W, Song B, Li B. Myocardial infarction caused by in situ thrombosis of a patent foramen ovale assessed by optical coherence tomography. Eur Heart J, 2024, 45(5): 403.
17. Bonnesen K, Korsholm K, Andersen A, et al. Risk of ischemic stroke after patent foramen ovale closure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 84(15): 1424-1433.
18. Farjat-Pasos JI, Guedeney P, Horlick E, et al. Determinants of adverse outcomes following patent foramen ovale closure in elderly patients. EuroIntervention, 2024, 20(16): 1029-1038.
19. Lee PH, Kim JS, Song JK, et al. Device closure or antithrombotic therapy after cryptogenic stroke in elderly patients with a high-risk patent foramen ovale. J Stroke, 2024, 26(2): 242-251.
20. Eichelmann A, Kubini R, Nachoski D, et al. Patent foramen ovale closure versus drug therapy in patients over 60 years and a follow-up of 5 years. Clin Cardiol, 2024, 47(3): e24251.
21. Ben-Assa E, Kolte D, Sakhuja R, et al. PFO closure in patients older than 60 years: Reconsidering FDA age-based approval policies. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(19): 2317-2319.
22. Alperi A, Guedeney P, Horlick E, et al. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in older patients with cryptogenic thromboembolic events. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2022, 15(7): e011652.
23. Farjat-Pasos JI, Chamorro A, Lanthier S, et al. Cerebrovascular events in older patients with patent foramen ovale: Current status and future perspectives. J Stroke, 2023, 25(3): 338-349.
24. Hauguel-Moreau M, Guedeney P, Dauphin C, et al. Flecainide to prevent atrial arrhythmia after patent foramen ovale closure: AFLOAT study, a randomized clinical trial. Circulation, 2024, 150(21): 1659-1668.
25. Badoz M, Derimay F, Serzian G, et al. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale closure: Protocol for the prospective, observational PFO-AF study. BMJ Open, 2023, 13(9): e074584.
26. Reddy SA, Peverelli M, MacCarthy T, et al. Influence of device choice on atrial arrhythmia incidence following percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(19): 2320-2321.
27. Ravellette KS, Gornbein J, Tobis JM. Incidence of atrial fibrillation or arrhythmias after patent foramen ovale closure. J Soc Cardiovasc Angiogr Interv, 2023, 3(1): 101173.
28. Schmidt MR. The expanding future of transcatheter pulmonary valves. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(19): 2298-2300.
29. Goldstein BH, McElhinney DB, Gillespie MJ, et al. Early outcomes from a multicenter transcatheter self-expanding pulmonary valve replacement registry. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 83(14): 1310-1321.
30. Dimas VV, Babaliaros V, Kim D, et al. Multicenter pivotal study of the Alterra adaptive prestent for the treatment of pulmonary regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(19): 2287-2297.
31. Jin Q, Long Y, Zhang G, et al. Five-year follow-up after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation using the Venus P-valve system for patients with pulmonary regurgitation and an enlarged native right ventricular outflow tract. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 103(2): 359-366.
32. Stefanescu Schmidt AC, Armstrong AK, Aboulhosn JA, et al. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement with balloon-expandable valves: Utilization and procedural outcomes from the IMPACT registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(2): 231-244.
33. Gröning M, Smerup MH, Munk K, et al. Pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot: Procedural volume and durability of bioprosthetic pulmonary valves. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(2): 217-227.
34. Ueyama HA, Greenbaum AB, Leshnower BG, et al. Physician-modified endograft-facilitated transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in large right ventricular outflow tract. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2023, 16(9): e013123.
35. Kamioka N, Babaliaros VC, Lisko JC, et al. Single-barrel, double-barrel, and fenestrated endografts to facilitate transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in large RVOT. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2020, 13(23): 2755-2765.
36. Flores-Umanzor E, Alshehri B, Keshvara R, et al. Transcatheter-based interventions for tetralogy of Fallot across all age groups. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(9): 1079-1090.
37. Geva T, Wald RM, Bucholz E, et al. Long-term management of right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2024, 150(25): e689-e707.
38. Frankel WC, Robinson JA, Roselli EE, et al. Lifetime management of adolescents and young adults with congenital aortic valve disease. Ann Thorac Surg, 2025, 119(1): 59-69.
39. Turek JW, Kang L, Overbey DM, et al. Partial heart transplant in a neonate with irreparable truncal valve dysfunction. JAMA, 2024, 331(1): 60-64.
40. Alexander B, Contorno E, Javed H, et al. Domino partial heart transplantation. Am J Transplant, 2025, 25(4): 669-673.
41. Rajab TK, Vogel AD, Turek JW. Partial heart transplantation: A new option for paediatric heart valve replacement. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2024, 21(5): 277-278.
42. Rajab TK, Mitta A, Reemtsen BL. Partial heart transplantation. Circulation, 2024, 150(17): 1313-1314.
43. Güner A, Kırma C, Ertürk M, et al. Transcatheter closure or surgery for symptomatic paravalvular leaks: The multicenter KISS registry. J Am Heart Assoc, 2024, 13(1): e032262.
44. Belahnech Y, Aguasca GM, García Del Blanco B, et al. Impact of a successful percutaneous mitral paravalvular leak closure on long-term major clinical outcomes. Can J Cardiol, 2024, 40(7): 1213-1222.
45. Ueyama HA, Greenbaum AB, Xie JX, et al. Transcatheter paravalvular leak closure with covered stent tract and vascular plug: Tootsie roll technique. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2024, 17(5): 635-644.
46. Schlotter F, Huber K, Hassager C, et al. Ventricular septal defect complicating acute myocardial infarction: Diagnosis and management. A clinical consensus statement of the Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care (ACVC) of the ESC, the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) of the ESC and the ESC Working Group on Cardiovascular Surgery. Eur Heart J, 2024, 45(28): 2478-2492.
47. Cubeddu RJ, Lorusso R, Ronco D, et al. Ventricular septal rupture after myocardial infarction: JACC focus seminar 3/5. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 83(19): 1886-1901.
48. Ueyama HA, Leshnower BG, Inci EK, et al. Hybrid closure of postinfarction apical ventricular septal defect using septal occluder device and right ventricular free wall: The apical BASSINET concept. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2023, 16(10): e013243.
49. Oikonomou EK, Khera R. Expanding artificial intelligence to understudied populations: Congenital heart disease as the next frontier. Eur Heart J, 2025, 46(9): 869-871.
50. Jone PN, Gearhart A, Lei H, et al. Artificial intelligence in congenital heart disease: Current state and prospects. JACC Adv, 2022, 1(5): 100153.
51. Jain SS, Elias P, Clark DE. Democratizing congenital heart disease management: The potential for AI-enabled care and necessary future directions. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 84(9): 829-831.
52. Tandon A, Avari Silva JN, Bhatt AB, et al. Advancing wearable biosensors for congenital heart disease: Patient and clinician perspectives: A science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2024, 149(19): e1134-e1142.

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Latest Articles2024 Annual report of interventional treatment for congenital heart disease

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