颞叶癫痫的海马网络功能连接_Journal of Epilepsy

Authors：

 安东梅 , 周东

四川大学华西医院神经内科(成都, 610041);

Corresponding author：

安东梅, Email: andongmei2010@gmail.com

Keywords：

颞叶癫痫; 海马网络; 功能磁共振; 功能连接; 癫痫心理病理学; 癫痫网络

DOI：

10.7507/2096-0247.20150045

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

由于海马和其他颞叶结构与其他脑区存在连接, 颞叶癫痫(TLE)可以影响到颞叶以外的结构。采用磁共振(MRI)功能连接的方法来探索TLE海马网络的变化, 以更全面的分析TLE的异常分布范围。共纳入三组被试:左侧颞叶癫痫TLE组(13例); 右侧TLE组(11例)及健康对照组(16例)。分别在这三组被试中划定左、右两侧海马为感兴趣区(Regions of interest, ROIs)。通过测定静息态功能磁共振(functional MRI, fMRI)低频血氧水平(Blood oxygenation level dependent, BOLD)信号的相关性来寻找与ROIs存在着功能连接的脑区。采用独立样本t检验进行组间对比。在TLE中, 海马与多个脑区功能连接增强, 包括边缘系统中的几个关键区域(颞叶、岛叶、丘脑)、额叶、角回、基底节、脑干和小脑, 同时海马与一些脑区之间的功能连接减弱, 包括感觉运动皮质(视觉、体感、听觉、初级运动)和默认网络(楔前叶)。左侧TLE的功能连接改变较右侧TLE更为明显。TLE功能连接改变揭示了TLE累及多个脑区, 导致大脑神经网络功能失常。左侧TLE和右侧TLE的海马功能连接存在显著差异。

Citation： 安东梅, 周东. 颞叶癫痫的海马网络功能连接. Journal of Epilepsy, 2015, 1(3): 272-280. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.20150045 Copy

1.	Hermann BP, Seidenberg M, Haltiner A, et al. Mood state in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Biol Psychiatry, 1991, 30(11):1205-1218.
2.	Giovagnoli AR. Relation of sorting impairment to hippocampal damage in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropsychologia, 2001, 39(12):140-150.
3.	Spencer SS. Neural networks in human epilepsy:evidence of and implications for treatment. Epilepsia, 2002, 43(10):219-227.
4.	Lin JJ, Salamon N, Lee AD, et al. Reduced neocortical thickness and complexity mapped in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Cereb Cortex, 2007, 17(4):2007-2018.
5.	Bonilha L, Rorden C, Halford JJ, et al. Asymmetrical extrahippocampal grey matter loss related to hippocampal atrophy in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2007, 78(23):286-294.
6.	Bartolomei F, Wendling F, Regis J, et al. Pre-ictal synchronicity in limbic networks of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 2004, 61(8):89-104.
7.	Bettus G, Ranjeva JP, Wendling F, et al. Interictal functional connectivity of human epileptic networks assessed by intracerebral EEG and BOLD signal fluctuations. Plos One, 2011, 6(20:e20071.
8.	Laufs H, Hamandi K, Salek Haddadi A, et al. Temporal lobe interictal epileptic discharges affect cerebral activity in "default mode" brain regions. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007, 28(10):1023-1032.
9.	Haneef Z, Lenartowicz A, Yeh HJ, et al. Effect of lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy on the default mode network. Epilepsy Behav, 2012, 25(4):350-357.
10.	Liao W, Zhang Z, Pan Z, et al. Altered functional connectivity and small-world in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Plos One, 2010, 5(2):e8525.
11.	Blumenfeld H, McNally KA, Vanderhill SD, et al. Positive and negative network correlations in temporal lobe epilepsy. Cereb Cortex, 2004, 14(7):892-902.
12.	Nelissen N, van Paesschen W, Baete K, et al. Correlations of interictal FDG-PET metabolism and ictal SPECT perfusion changes in human temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Neuroimage, 2006, 32(5):684-695.
13.	Voets NL, Beckmann CF, Cole DM, et al. Structural substrates for resting network disruption in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain, 2012, 135(21):2350-2357.
14.	Focke NK, Yogarajah M, Bonelli SB, et al. Voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Neuroimage, 2008, 40(21):728-737.
15.	Surges R, Schulze-Bonhage A, Altenmueller DM. Hippocampal involvement in secondarily generalised seizures of extrahippocampal origin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2008, 79(11):924-929.
16.	Schevon CA, Cappell J, Emerson R, et al. Cortical abnormalities in epilepsy revealed by local EEG synchrony. Neuroimage, 2007, 35(12):140-148.
17.	Bettus G, Wendling F, Guye M, et al. Enhanced EEG functional connectivity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 2008, 81(10):58-68.
18.	Fox MD, Greicius M. Clinical applications of resting state functional connectivity. Front Syst Neurosci, 2010, 4(1):1-13.
19.	Biswal BB, Mennes M, Zuo XN, et al. Toward discovery science of human brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107(10):4734-4739.
20.	Pittau F, Grova C, Moeller F, et al. Patterns of altered functional connectivity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(12):1013-1023.
21.	Pereira FR, Alessio A, Sercheli MS, et al. Asymmetrical hippocampal connectivity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy:evidence from resting state fMRI. Bmc Neurosci, 2010, 11(7):1-13.
22.	Bettus G, Bartolomei F, Confort-Gouny S, et al. Role of resting state functional connectivity MRI in presurgical investigation of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2010, 81(8):1147-1154.
23.	Frings L, Schulze-Bonhage A, Spreer J, et al. Remote effects of hippocampal damage on default network connectivity in the human brain. J Neurol, 2009, 256(22):2021-2029.
24.	Stern JM, Caporro M, Haneef Z, et al. Functional imaging of sleep vertex sharp transients. Clin Neurophysiol, 2011, 122(21):1382-1386.
25.	Woolrich MW, Ripley BD, Brady M, et al. Temporal autocorrelation in univariate linear modeling of FMRI data. Neuroimage, 2001, 14(6):1370-1386.
26.	Forman SD, Cohen JD, Fitzgerald M, et al. Improved assessment of significant activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI):use of a cluster size threshold. Magn Reson Med, 1995, 33(9):636-647.
27.	Jenkinson M, Bannister P, Brady M, et al. Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images. Neuroimage, 2002, 17(6):825-841.
28.	Smith SM. Fast robust automated brain extraction. Hum Brain Mapp, 2002, 17(5):143-155.
29.	Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, et al. The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2005, 102(21):9673-9678.
30.	Uddin LQ, Clare Kelly A, Biswal BB, et al. Functional connectivity of default mode network components:correlation, anticorrelation, and causality. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009, 30(16):625-637.
31.	Power JD, Barnes KA, Snyder AZ, et al. Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion. Neuroimage, 2012, 59(11):2142-2154.
32.	Worsley KJ, Evans A, Marrett S, et al. A three-dimensional statistical analysis for CBF activation studies in human brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 1992, 12(52):900-918.
33.	Zhang Z, Lu G, Zhong Y, et al. Altered spontaneous neuronal activity of the default-mode network in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res, 2010, 1323(214):152-160.
34.	Kubota Y, Enatsu R, Gonzalez-Martinez J, et al. In vivo human hippocampal cingulate connectivity:a corticocortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) study. Clin Neurophysiol, 2013, 124(11):1547-1556.
35.	Rutecki PA, Grossman RG, Armstrong D, et al. Electrophysiological connections between the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in patients with complex partial seizures. J Neurosurg, 1989, 70(21):667-675.
36.	Mankinen K, Jalovaara P, Paakki JJ, et al. Connectivity disruptions in resting-state functional brain networks in children with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 2012, 100(23):168-178.
37.	Zeng H, Pizarro R, Nair VA, et al. Alterations in regional homogeneity of resting-state brain activity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(11):658-666.
38.	Zhong Y, Lu G, Zhang Z, et al. Altered regional synchronization in epileptic patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Epilepsy Res, 2011, 97(8):83-91.
39.	Morgan VL, Sonmezturk HH, Gore JC, et al. Lateralization of temporal lobe epilepsy using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity of hippocampal networks. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(10):1628-1635.
40.	Veer IM, Beckmann CF, van Tol MJ, et al. Whole brain resting-state analysis reveals decreased functional connectivity in major depression. Front Syst Neurosci, 2010, 4 (2):41.
41.	Jokeit H, Seitz RJ, Markowitsch HJ, et al. Prefrontal asymmetric interictal glucose hypometabolism and cognitive impairment inpatients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain, 1997, 120(Pt 12):2283-2294.
42.	Campo P, Garrido MI, Moran RJ, et al. Network reconfiguration and working memory impairment in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage, 2013, 72(12):48-54.
43.	Strauss E, Hunter M, Wada J. Wisconsin card sorting performance:effects of age of onset of damage and laterality of dysfunction. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 1993, 15(6):896-902.
44.	Vlooswijk M, Jansen J, Majoie H, et al. Functional connectivity and language impairment in cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy. Neurology, 2010, 75(10):395-402.
45.	Diehl B, Busch RM, Duncan JS, et al. Abnormalities in diffusion tensor imaging of the uncinate fasciculus relate to reduced memory in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(21):1409-1418.
46.	Flugel D, Cercignani M, Symms MR, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging findings and their correlation with neuropsychological deficits in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and interictal psychosis. Epilepsia, 2006, 47(16):941-944.
47.	Mankinen K, Long XY, Paakki JJ, et al. Alterations in regional homogeneity of baseline brain activity in pediatric temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res, 2011, 1373(213):221-229.
48.	Rektor I, Tomcik J, Mikl M, et al. Association between the basal ganglia and large-scale brain networks in epilepsy. Brain Topogr, 2013, 26(21):355-362.
49.	Luo C, Qiu C, Guo Z, et al. Disrupted functional brain connectivity in partial epilepsy:a resting-state fMRI study. Plos One, 2011, 7(2):e28196.
50.	Liao W, Zhang Z, Pan Z, et al. Default mode network abnormalities in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy:a study combining fMRI and DTI. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011, 32(12):883-895.
51.	Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL. The brain's default network. Ann Acad Sci, 2008, 1124(153):1-38.
52.	Zhang Z, Lu G, Zhong Y, et al. Impaired perceptual networks in temporal lobe epilepsy revealed by resting fMRI. J Neurol, 2009, 256(36):1705-1713.
53.	Wang Z, Lu G, Zhang Z, et al. Altered resting state networks in epileptic patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Brain Res, 2011, 1374(25):134-141.
54.	Grant AC, Donnelly KM, Chubb C, et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy does not impair visual perception. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(21):710-713.
55.	Beckung E, Uvebrant P. Motor and sensory impairments in children with intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1993, 34(12):924-929.
56.	Grant AC. Interictal perceptual function in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2005, 6(2):511-519.
57.	Ehrle N, Samson S, Baulac M. Processing of rapid auditory information in epileptic patients with left temporal lobe damage. Neuropsychologia, 2001, 39(14):525-531.
58.	Han MW, Ahn JH, Kang JK, et al. Central auditory processing impairment in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(18):370-374.
59.	van Rooyen F, Young NA, Larson SE, et al. Hippocampal kindling leads to motor map expansion. Epilepsia, 2006, 47(21):1383-1391.
60.	Morgan VL, Rogers BP, Sonmezturk HH, et al. Cross hippocampal influence in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy measured with high temporal resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging. Epilepsia, 2011, 52(18):1741-1749.

1. Hermann BP, Seidenberg M, Haltiner A, et al. Mood state in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Biol Psychiatry, 1991, 30(11):1205-1218.
2. Giovagnoli AR. Relation of sorting impairment to hippocampal damage in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropsychologia, 2001, 39(12):140-150.
3. Spencer SS. Neural networks in human epilepsy:evidence of and implications for treatment. Epilepsia, 2002, 43(10):219-227.
4. Lin JJ, Salamon N, Lee AD, et al. Reduced neocortical thickness and complexity mapped in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Cereb Cortex, 2007, 17(4):2007-2018.
5. Bonilha L, Rorden C, Halford JJ, et al. Asymmetrical extrahippocampal grey matter loss related to hippocampal atrophy in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2007, 78(23):286-294.
6. Bartolomei F, Wendling F, Regis J, et al. Pre-ictal synchronicity in limbic networks of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 2004, 61(8):89-104.
7. Bettus G, Ranjeva JP, Wendling F, et al. Interictal functional connectivity of human epileptic networks assessed by intracerebral EEG and BOLD signal fluctuations. Plos One, 2011, 6(20:e20071.
8. Laufs H, Hamandi K, Salek Haddadi A, et al. Temporal lobe interictal epileptic discharges affect cerebral activity in "default mode" brain regions. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007, 28(10):1023-1032.
9. Haneef Z, Lenartowicz A, Yeh HJ, et al. Effect of lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy on the default mode network. Epilepsy Behav, 2012, 25(4):350-357.
10. Liao W, Zhang Z, Pan Z, et al. Altered functional connectivity and small-world in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Plos One, 2010, 5(2):e8525.
11. Blumenfeld H, McNally KA, Vanderhill SD, et al. Positive and negative network correlations in temporal lobe epilepsy. Cereb Cortex, 2004, 14(7):892-902.
12. Nelissen N, van Paesschen W, Baete K, et al. Correlations of interictal FDG-PET metabolism and ictal SPECT perfusion changes in human temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Neuroimage, 2006, 32(5):684-695.
13. Voets NL, Beckmann CF, Cole DM, et al. Structural substrates for resting network disruption in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain, 2012, 135(21):2350-2357.
14. Focke NK, Yogarajah M, Bonelli SB, et al. Voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Neuroimage, 2008, 40(21):728-737.
15. Surges R, Schulze-Bonhage A, Altenmueller DM. Hippocampal involvement in secondarily generalised seizures of extrahippocampal origin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2008, 79(11):924-929.
16. Schevon CA, Cappell J, Emerson R, et al. Cortical abnormalities in epilepsy revealed by local EEG synchrony. Neuroimage, 2007, 35(12):140-148.
17. Bettus G, Wendling F, Guye M, et al. Enhanced EEG functional connectivity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 2008, 81(10):58-68.
18. Fox MD, Greicius M. Clinical applications of resting state functional connectivity. Front Syst Neurosci, 2010, 4(1):1-13.
19. Biswal BB, Mennes M, Zuo XN, et al. Toward discovery science of human brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107(10):4734-4739.
20. Pittau F, Grova C, Moeller F, et al. Patterns of altered functional connectivity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(12):1013-1023.
21. Pereira FR, Alessio A, Sercheli MS, et al. Asymmetrical hippocampal connectivity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy:evidence from resting state fMRI. Bmc Neurosci, 2010, 11(7):1-13.
22. Bettus G, Bartolomei F, Confort-Gouny S, et al. Role of resting state functional connectivity MRI in presurgical investigation of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2010, 81(8):1147-1154.
23. Frings L, Schulze-Bonhage A, Spreer J, et al. Remote effects of hippocampal damage on default network connectivity in the human brain. J Neurol, 2009, 256(22):2021-2029.
24. Stern JM, Caporro M, Haneef Z, et al. Functional imaging of sleep vertex sharp transients. Clin Neurophysiol, 2011, 122(21):1382-1386.
25. Woolrich MW, Ripley BD, Brady M, et al. Temporal autocorrelation in univariate linear modeling of FMRI data. Neuroimage, 2001, 14(6):1370-1386.
26. Forman SD, Cohen JD, Fitzgerald M, et al. Improved assessment of significant activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI):use of a cluster size threshold. Magn Reson Med, 1995, 33(9):636-647.
27. Jenkinson M, Bannister P, Brady M, et al. Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images. Neuroimage, 2002, 17(6):825-841.
28. Smith SM. Fast robust automated brain extraction. Hum Brain Mapp, 2002, 17(5):143-155.
29. Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, et al. The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2005, 102(21):9673-9678.
30. Uddin LQ, Clare Kelly A, Biswal BB, et al. Functional connectivity of default mode network components:correlation, anticorrelation, and causality. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009, 30(16):625-637.
31. Power JD, Barnes KA, Snyder AZ, et al. Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion. Neuroimage, 2012, 59(11):2142-2154.
32. Worsley KJ, Evans A, Marrett S, et al. A three-dimensional statistical analysis for CBF activation studies in human brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 1992, 12(52):900-918.
33. Zhang Z, Lu G, Zhong Y, et al. Altered spontaneous neuronal activity of the default-mode network in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res, 2010, 1323(214):152-160.
34. Kubota Y, Enatsu R, Gonzalez-Martinez J, et al. In vivo human hippocampal cingulate connectivity:a corticocortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) study. Clin Neurophysiol, 2013, 124(11):1547-1556.
35. Rutecki PA, Grossman RG, Armstrong D, et al. Electrophysiological connections between the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in patients with complex partial seizures. J Neurosurg, 1989, 70(21):667-675.
36. Mankinen K, Jalovaara P, Paakki JJ, et al. Connectivity disruptions in resting-state functional brain networks in children with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 2012, 100(23):168-178.
37. Zeng H, Pizarro R, Nair VA, et al. Alterations in regional homogeneity of resting-state brain activity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(11):658-666.
38. Zhong Y, Lu G, Zhang Z, et al. Altered regional synchronization in epileptic patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Epilepsy Res, 2011, 97(8):83-91.
39. Morgan VL, Sonmezturk HH, Gore JC, et al. Lateralization of temporal lobe epilepsy using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity of hippocampal networks. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(10):1628-1635.
40. Veer IM, Beckmann CF, van Tol MJ, et al. Whole brain resting-state analysis reveals decreased functional connectivity in major depression. Front Syst Neurosci, 2010, 4 (2):41.
41. Jokeit H, Seitz RJ, Markowitsch HJ, et al. Prefrontal asymmetric interictal glucose hypometabolism and cognitive impairment inpatients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain, 1997, 120(Pt 12):2283-2294.
42. Campo P, Garrido MI, Moran RJ, et al. Network reconfiguration and working memory impairment in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage, 2013, 72(12):48-54.
43. Strauss E, Hunter M, Wada J. Wisconsin card sorting performance:effects of age of onset of damage and laterality of dysfunction. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 1993, 15(6):896-902.
44. Vlooswijk M, Jansen J, Majoie H, et al. Functional connectivity and language impairment in cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy. Neurology, 2010, 75(10):395-402.
45. Diehl B, Busch RM, Duncan JS, et al. Abnormalities in diffusion tensor imaging of the uncinate fasciculus relate to reduced memory in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(21):1409-1418.
46. Flugel D, Cercignani M, Symms MR, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging findings and their correlation with neuropsychological deficits in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and interictal psychosis. Epilepsia, 2006, 47(16):941-944.
47. Mankinen K, Long XY, Paakki JJ, et al. Alterations in regional homogeneity of baseline brain activity in pediatric temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res, 2011, 1373(213):221-229.
48. Rektor I, Tomcik J, Mikl M, et al. Association between the basal ganglia and large-scale brain networks in epilepsy. Brain Topogr, 2013, 26(21):355-362.
49. Luo C, Qiu C, Guo Z, et al. Disrupted functional brain connectivity in partial epilepsy:a resting-state fMRI study. Plos One, 2011, 7(2):e28196.
50. Liao W, Zhang Z, Pan Z, et al. Default mode network abnormalities in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy:a study combining fMRI and DTI. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011, 32(12):883-895.
51. Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL. The brain's default network. Ann Acad Sci, 2008, 1124(153):1-38.
52. Zhang Z, Lu G, Zhong Y, et al. Impaired perceptual networks in temporal lobe epilepsy revealed by resting fMRI. J Neurol, 2009, 256(36):1705-1713.
53. Wang Z, Lu G, Zhang Z, et al. Altered resting state networks in epileptic patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Brain Res, 2011, 1374(25):134-141.
54. Grant AC, Donnelly KM, Chubb C, et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy does not impair visual perception. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(21):710-713.
55. Beckung E, Uvebrant P. Motor and sensory impairments in children with intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1993, 34(12):924-929.
56. Grant AC. Interictal perceptual function in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2005, 6(2):511-519.
57. Ehrle N, Samson S, Baulac M. Processing of rapid auditory information in epileptic patients with left temporal lobe damage. Neuropsychologia, 2001, 39(14):525-531.
58. Han MW, Ahn JH, Kang JK, et al. Central auditory processing impairment in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(18):370-374.
59. van Rooyen F, Young NA, Larson SE, et al. Hippocampal kindling leads to motor map expansion. Epilepsia, 2006, 47(21):1383-1391.
60. Morgan VL, Rogers BP, Sonmezturk HH, et al. Cross hippocampal influence in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy measured with high temporal resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging. Epilepsia, 2011, 52(18):1741-1749.

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