Research progress of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome_Journal of Epilepsy

Authors：

ZHAO Yilan ¹ , ZHAO Xiaoxia ¹ , WANG Yuwen ¹ , ZHENG Xinhui ¹ , ZHOU Gaoshui ¹ ,  YANG Xuhong ² , LI Zhuoling ¹ , XIAO Xinyue ¹ , XIAN Jiawen ¹

1. Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China;
2. Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China;

Corresponding author：

YANG Xuhong, Email: xuhong7506@163.com

Keywords：

Lennox-gastaut syndrome; Anti-seizure medications; Palliative care; Ketogenic diet

DOI：

10.7507/2096-0247.202502005

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a refractory epileptic encephalopathy that mainly affects children, but can also involve adults, and is characterized by multiple seizure types, electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities, and mental retardation. This review focuses on the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of LGS. In terms of etiology, LGS may be caused by a variety of factors such as abnormal brain development, perinatal brain injury, inherited metabolic diseases, and gene mutations. The pathogenesis involves multiple gene mutations that affect the balance of neuronal excitability and inhibition.LGS is diagnosed on the basis of multiple seizure types with an age of onset of less than 18 years, an EEG that shows widespread slow (1.5~2.5 Hz) spiking slow complex waves, and a triad of intellectual and psychosocial dysfunction. Therapeutically, LGS is treated with antiepileptic seizure medications (ASMs) , including valproate, lamotrigine, and rufinamide, but patients often develop resistance to ASMs. Non-pharmacological treatments include ketogenic diet, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) , and corpus callosotomy (CC) , which provide palliative treatment options for patients who have difficulty controlling seizures. Despite the variety of therapeutic options, the prognosis for LGS is usually poor, with patients often experiencing intellectual disability and seizures persisting into adulthood. This review emphasizes the importance of further research into the etiology and pathogenesis of LGS and the need to develop new therapeutic approaches to improve patients' quality of life and reduce the burden of disease.

Citation： ZHAO Yilan, ZHAO Xiaoxia, WANG Yuwen, ZHENG Xinhui, ZHOU Gaoshui, YANG Xuhong, LI Zhuoling, XIAO Xinyue, XIAN Jiawen. Research progress of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Journal of Epilepsy, 2025, 11(3): 231-242. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.202502005 Copy

1.	Asadi-Pooya AA, Bazrafshan M, Farazdaghi M. Cluster analysis of a large dataset of patients with lennox-gastaut syndrome. Seizure, 2021, 92: 36-39.
2.	Auvin S, Damera V, Martin M, et al. The impact of seizure frequency on quality of life in patients with lennox-gastaut syndrome or dravet syndrome. Epilepsy Behav, 2021, 123: 108239.
3.	Strzelczyk A, Schubert-Bast S. Expanding the treatment landscape for lennox-gastaut syndrome: current and future strategies. CNS Drugs, 2021, 35(1): 61-83.
4.	季涛云, 姜玉武, 蒋莉, 等. Lennox-Gastaut综合征诊断治疗的中国专家共识. 癫痫杂志, 2022, 8(03): 187-195.
5.	Honorato MM, Santos ACVD, da Silva FLL, et al. Late-onset lennox-gastaut syndrome with chromosome 15q duplication in sisters. J Neurosci Rural Pract, 2022, 13(2): 348-350.
6.	Dalic LJ, Warren AEL, Young JC, et al. Cortex leads the thalamic centromedian nucleus in generalized epileptic discharges in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia. 2020 , 61(10): 2214-2223.
7.	Dalic LJ, Warren AEL, Spiegel C, et al. Paroxysmal fast activity is a biomarker of treatment response in deep brain stimulation for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia, 2022, 63(12): 3134-3147.
8.	Specchio N, Wirrell EC, Scheffer IE, et al. International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia, 2022, 63(6): 1398-1442.
9.	Nightscales R, Chen Z, Barnard S, et al. Applying the ILAE diagnostic criteria for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in the real-world setting: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Epilepsia Open, 2024, 9(2): 602-612.
10.	Chin RF, Mingorance A, Ruban-Fell B, et al. Treatment guidelines for rare, early-onset, tr-eatment-resistant epileptic conditions: a literature review on dravet syndrome, lennox-gastaut syndrome and CDKL5 deficiency disorder. Front Neurol, 2021, 12: 734612.
11.	Strzelczyk A, Zuberi SM, Striano P, et al. The burden of illness in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a systematic literature review. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2023, 18(1): 42.
12.	Li S, Cai X, Yao C, et al. Case report: late-onset lennox-gastaut syndrome treated with stereotactic electroencephalography-guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation before craniotomy. Front Neurol, 2022, 13: 857767.
13.	Eriksson AS, Nergårdh A, Hoppu K. The efficacy of lamotrigine in children and adolesc-ents with refractory generalized epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Epile-psia, 1998, 39(5): 495-501.
14.	Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, et al. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1997, 337(25): 1807-1812.
15.	Sharawat IK, Panda PK, Panda P, et al. Efficacy and safety of rufinamide as adjunctive th-erapy in patients with Lennox Gastaut syndrome: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Seizure, 2021, 91: 296-307.
16.	Ohtsuka Y, Yoshinaga H, Shirasaka Y, et al. Rufinamide as an adjunctive therapy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in Japan. Epilepsy Res, 2014, 108(9): 1627-1636.
17.	Glauser TA, Levisohn PM, Ritter F, et al. Topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: open-label treatment of patients completing a randomized controlled trial. Topiramate YL Study Group. Epilepsia. 2000, 41(S1): 86-90.
18.	Silvinato A, Floriano I, Bernardo WM. Use of cannabidiol in the treatment of epilepsy: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex. Rev Assoc Med Bras(1992), 2022, 68(10): 1345-1357.
19.	Al-Ramadhani R, Hect JL, Abel TJ. The changing landscape of palliative epilepsy surgery for Lennox Gastaut Syndrome. Front Neurol, 2024, 15: 1380423.
20.	Devinsky O, Patel AD, Cross JH, et al. Effect of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(20): 1888-1897.
21.	王继芬, 叶兰, 冯占辉. 大麻二酚治疗耐药性癫痫研究进展. 中国新药杂志, 2024, 33(19): 2044-2049.
22.	Berg AT, Dixon-Salazar T, Meskis MA, et al. Caregiver-reported outcomes with real-world use of cannabidiol in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome from the BECOME survey. Epilepsy Res, 2024, 200: 107280.
23.	Devi N, Madaan P, Ameen R, et al. Short-term and long-term efficacy and safety of antiseizure medications in Lennox Gastaut syndrome: a network meta-analysis. Seizure, 2022, 99: 164-175.
24.	石静天, 陈超阳, 杨婷, 等. 氯巴占与大麻二酚辅助治疗Lennox-Gastaut综合征新进展. 罕见病研究, 2024, 3(2): 252-259.
25.	Conry JA, Ng YT, Paolicchi JM, et al. Clobazam in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(5): 1158-1166.
26.	Conry JA, Ng YT, Kernitsky L, et al. Stable dosages of clobazam for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome are associated with sustained drop-seizure and total-seizure improvements over 3 years. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(4): 558-567.
27.	Sankar R, Chez M, Pina-Garza JE, et al. Proposed anti-seizure medication combinations with rufinamide in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: narrative review and expert opinion. Seizure, 2023, 110: 42-57.
28.	Felbamate Study Group in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Efficacy of felbamate in childho-od epileptic encephalopathy(Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). N Engl J Med, 1993, 328(1): 29-33.
29.	Pellock JM. Felbamate. Epilepsia, 1999, 40(Suppl 5): S57-S62.
30.	Knupp KG, Scheffer IE, Ceulemans B, et al. Fenfluramine provides clinically meaningful reduction in frequency of drop seizures in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Interim analysis of an open-label extension study. Epilepsia, 2023, 64(1): 139-151.
31.	Knupp KG, Scheffer IE, Ceulemans B, et al. Efficacy and safety of fenfluramine for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol, 2022, 79(6): 554-564.
32.	李安, 薛国芳. 芬氟拉明治疗难治性癫痫的研究进展. 癫痫杂志, 2022, 8(6): 544-549.
33.	Matricardi S, Cesaroni E, Bonanni P, et al. Long-term effectiveness of add-on perampanel in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a multicenter retrospective study. Epilepsia, 2023, 64(6): e98-e104.
34.	Vossler DG, Porter BE, Kira R, et al. Efficacy and safety of perampanel in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a randomized trial. Epilepsia, 2025, 66(2): 379-393.
35.	You SJ, Kang HC, Kim HD, et al. Clinical efficacy of zonisamide in Lennox-Gastaut syn-drome: Korean multicentric experience. Brain Dev, 2008, 30(4): 287-290.
36.	Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kang HC, et al. Adjunctive levetiracetam treatment in pediatric Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Pediatr Neurol, 2014, 51(4): 527-531.
37.	Willems LM, Bertsche A, Bösebeck F, et al. Efficacy, retention, and tolerability of brivaracetam in patients with epileptic encephalopathies: a multicenter cohort study from Germany. Front Neurol, 2018, 9: 569.
38.	Falcicchio G, Lattanzi S, Negri F, et al. Treatment with cenobamate in adult patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a case series. J Clin Med, 2022, 12(1): 129.
39.	Hahn CD, Jiang Y, Villanueva V, et al. A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of soticlestat as adjunctive therapy in pediatric patients with Dravet syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome(ELEKTRA). Epilepsia, 2022, 63(10): 2671-2683.
40.	Halford JJ, Sperling MR, Arkilo D, et al. A phase 1b/2a study of soticlestat as adjunctive therapy in participants with developmental and/or epileptic encephalopathies. Epilepsy Res, 2021, 174: 106646.
41.	Nelson JA, Knupp KG. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: Current Treatments, Novel Therapeutics, and Future Directions. Neurotherapeutics, 2023, 20(5): 1255-1262.
42.	Panda PK, Sharawat IK, Dawman L, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of lacosamide in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosci Rural Pract, 2022, 13(1): 32-42.
43.	Li J, Gao Y, Cao J, et al. Efficacy analysis of oral dexamethasone in the treatment of inf-antile spasms and infantile spasms related Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. BMC Pediatr, 2023, 23(1): 255.
44.	高誉静. 口服地塞米松治疗婴儿痉挛症及其相关LGS的疗效分析. 重庆医科大学, 2021, 硕士学位论文.
45.	Yang X, Xu G, Chong Z, et al. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome characterized by super-refractory status epilepticus treated with high-dose anesthetics: a case report. Medicine(Baltimore, 2023, 102(39): e35233.
46.	Jia Y, Lin Y, Li J, et al. Quinidine therapy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome with KCNT1 mutation: a case report and literature review. Front Neurol. 2019, 10: 64.
47.	刘余财, 钟建民. Lennox-Gastaut综合征的肾上腺皮质激素治疗进展. 癫痫杂志, 2023, 9(01): 59-63.
48.	刘余财. 泼尼松治疗Lennox-Gastaut综合征方案优化研究. 南昌大学, 2022, 硕士学位论文.
49.	Thirunavu V, Du R, Wu JY, et al. The role of surgery in the management of Lennox-Gas-taut syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical evidence. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(4): 888-907.
50.	van Berkel AA, IJff DM, Verkuyl JM. Cognitive benefits of the ketogenic diet in patients with epilepsy: a systematic overview. Epilepsy Behav, 2018, 87: 69-77.
51.	Samanta D. Efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a scoping review. Children(Basel), 2024, 11(8): 905.
52.	Alanazi GM, ALOsaimi TF, Alwadei AH, et al. Efficacy and safety of corpus callosotomy versus vagus nerve stimulation as long-term adjunctive therapies in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: experience of a tertiary care center. Neurosciences(Riyadh), 2022, 27(2): 59-64.
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1. Asadi-Pooya AA, Bazrafshan M, Farazdaghi M. Cluster analysis of a large dataset of patients with lennox-gastaut syndrome. Seizure, 2021, 92: 36-39.
2. Auvin S, Damera V, Martin M, et al. The impact of seizure frequency on quality of life in patients with lennox-gastaut syndrome or dravet syndrome. Epilepsy Behav, 2021, 123: 108239.
3. Strzelczyk A, Schubert-Bast S. Expanding the treatment landscape for lennox-gastaut syndrome: current and future strategies. CNS Drugs, 2021, 35(1): 61-83.
4. 季涛云, 姜玉武, 蒋莉, 等. Lennox-Gastaut综合征诊断治疗的中国专家共识. 癫痫杂志, 2022, 8(03): 187-195.
5. Honorato MM, Santos ACVD, da Silva FLL, et al. Late-onset lennox-gastaut syndrome with chromosome 15q duplication in sisters. J Neurosci Rural Pract, 2022, 13(2): 348-350.
6. Dalic LJ, Warren AEL, Young JC, et al. Cortex leads the thalamic centromedian nucleus in generalized epileptic discharges in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia. 2020 , 61(10): 2214-2223.
7. Dalic LJ, Warren AEL, Spiegel C, et al. Paroxysmal fast activity is a biomarker of treatment response in deep brain stimulation for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia, 2022, 63(12): 3134-3147.
8. Specchio N, Wirrell EC, Scheffer IE, et al. International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia, 2022, 63(6): 1398-1442.
9. Nightscales R, Chen Z, Barnard S, et al. Applying the ILAE diagnostic criteria for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in the real-world setting: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Epilepsia Open, 2024, 9(2): 602-612.
10. Chin RF, Mingorance A, Ruban-Fell B, et al. Treatment guidelines for rare, early-onset, tr-eatment-resistant epileptic conditions: a literature review on dravet syndrome, lennox-gastaut syndrome and CDKL5 deficiency disorder. Front Neurol, 2021, 12: 734612.
11. Strzelczyk A, Zuberi SM, Striano P, et al. The burden of illness in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a systematic literature review. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2023, 18(1): 42.
12. Li S, Cai X, Yao C, et al. Case report: late-onset lennox-gastaut syndrome treated with stereotactic electroencephalography-guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation before craniotomy. Front Neurol, 2022, 13: 857767.
13. Eriksson AS, Nergårdh A, Hoppu K. The efficacy of lamotrigine in children and adolesc-ents with refractory generalized epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Epile-psia, 1998, 39(5): 495-501.
14. Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, et al. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1997, 337(25): 1807-1812.
15. Sharawat IK, Panda PK, Panda P, et al. Efficacy and safety of rufinamide as adjunctive th-erapy in patients with Lennox Gastaut syndrome: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Seizure, 2021, 91: 296-307.
16. Ohtsuka Y, Yoshinaga H, Shirasaka Y, et al. Rufinamide as an adjunctive therapy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in Japan. Epilepsy Res, 2014, 108(9): 1627-1636.
17. Glauser TA, Levisohn PM, Ritter F, et al. Topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: open-label treatment of patients completing a randomized controlled trial. Topiramate YL Study Group. Epilepsia. 2000, 41(S1): 86-90.
18. Silvinato A, Floriano I, Bernardo WM. Use of cannabidiol in the treatment of epilepsy: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex. Rev Assoc Med Bras(1992), 2022, 68(10): 1345-1357.
19. Al-Ramadhani R, Hect JL, Abel TJ. The changing landscape of palliative epilepsy surgery for Lennox Gastaut Syndrome. Front Neurol, 2024, 15: 1380423.
20. Devinsky O, Patel AD, Cross JH, et al. Effect of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(20): 1888-1897.
21. 王继芬, 叶兰, 冯占辉. 大麻二酚治疗耐药性癫痫研究进展. 中国新药杂志, 2024, 33(19): 2044-2049.
22. Berg AT, Dixon-Salazar T, Meskis MA, et al. Caregiver-reported outcomes with real-world use of cannabidiol in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome from the BECOME survey. Epilepsy Res, 2024, 200: 107280.
23. Devi N, Madaan P, Ameen R, et al. Short-term and long-term efficacy and safety of antiseizure medications in Lennox Gastaut syndrome: a network meta-analysis. Seizure, 2022, 99: 164-175.
24. 石静天, 陈超阳, 杨婷, 等. 氯巴占与大麻二酚辅助治疗Lennox-Gastaut综合征新进展. 罕见病研究, 2024, 3(2): 252-259.
25. Conry JA, Ng YT, Paolicchi JM, et al. Clobazam in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(5): 1158-1166.
26. Conry JA, Ng YT, Kernitsky L, et al. Stable dosages of clobazam for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome are associated with sustained drop-seizure and total-seizure improvements over 3 years. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(4): 558-567.
27. Sankar R, Chez M, Pina-Garza JE, et al. Proposed anti-seizure medication combinations with rufinamide in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: narrative review and expert opinion. Seizure, 2023, 110: 42-57.
28. Felbamate Study Group in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Efficacy of felbamate in childho-od epileptic encephalopathy(Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). N Engl J Med, 1993, 328(1): 29-33.
29. Pellock JM. Felbamate. Epilepsia, 1999, 40(Suppl 5): S57-S62.
30. Knupp KG, Scheffer IE, Ceulemans B, et al. Fenfluramine provides clinically meaningful reduction in frequency of drop seizures in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Interim analysis of an open-label extension study. Epilepsia, 2023, 64(1): 139-151.
31. Knupp KG, Scheffer IE, Ceulemans B, et al. Efficacy and safety of fenfluramine for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol, 2022, 79(6): 554-564.
32. 李安, 薛国芳. 芬氟拉明治疗难治性癫痫的研究进展. 癫痫杂志, 2022, 8(6): 544-549.
33. Matricardi S, Cesaroni E, Bonanni P, et al. Long-term effectiveness of add-on perampanel in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a multicenter retrospective study. Epilepsia, 2023, 64(6): e98-e104.
34. Vossler DG, Porter BE, Kira R, et al. Efficacy and safety of perampanel in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a randomized trial. Epilepsia, 2025, 66(2): 379-393.
35. You SJ, Kang HC, Kim HD, et al. Clinical efficacy of zonisamide in Lennox-Gastaut syn-drome: Korean multicentric experience. Brain Dev, 2008, 30(4): 287-290.
36. Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kang HC, et al. Adjunctive levetiracetam treatment in pediatric Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Pediatr Neurol, 2014, 51(4): 527-531.
37. Willems LM, Bertsche A, Bösebeck F, et al. Efficacy, retention, and tolerability of brivaracetam in patients with epileptic encephalopathies: a multicenter cohort study from Germany. Front Neurol, 2018, 9: 569.
38. Falcicchio G, Lattanzi S, Negri F, et al. Treatment with cenobamate in adult patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a case series. J Clin Med, 2022, 12(1): 129.
39. Hahn CD, Jiang Y, Villanueva V, et al. A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of soticlestat as adjunctive therapy in pediatric patients with Dravet syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome(ELEKTRA). Epilepsia, 2022, 63(10): 2671-2683.
40. Halford JJ, Sperling MR, Arkilo D, et al. A phase 1b/2a study of soticlestat as adjunctive therapy in participants with developmental and/or epileptic encephalopathies. Epilepsy Res, 2021, 174: 106646.
41. Nelson JA, Knupp KG. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: Current Treatments, Novel Therapeutics, and Future Directions. Neurotherapeutics, 2023, 20(5): 1255-1262.
42. Panda PK, Sharawat IK, Dawman L, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of lacosamide in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosci Rural Pract, 2022, 13(1): 32-42.
43. Li J, Gao Y, Cao J, et al. Efficacy analysis of oral dexamethasone in the treatment of inf-antile spasms and infantile spasms related Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. BMC Pediatr, 2023, 23(1): 255.
44. 高誉静. 口服地塞米松治疗婴儿痉挛症及其相关LGS的疗效分析. 重庆医科大学, 2021, 硕士学位论文.
45. Yang X, Xu G, Chong Z, et al. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome characterized by super-refractory status epilepticus treated with high-dose anesthetics: a case report. Medicine(Baltimore, 2023, 102(39): e35233.
46. Jia Y, Lin Y, Li J, et al. Quinidine therapy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome with KCNT1 mutation: a case report and literature review. Front Neurol. 2019, 10: 64.
47. 刘余财, 钟建民. Lennox-Gastaut综合征的肾上腺皮质激素治疗进展. 癫痫杂志, 2023, 9(01): 59-63.
48. 刘余财. 泼尼松治疗Lennox-Gastaut综合征方案优化研究. 南昌大学, 2022, 硕士学位论文.
49. Thirunavu V, Du R, Wu JY, et al. The role of surgery in the management of Lennox-Gas-taut syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical evidence. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(4): 888-907.
50. van Berkel AA, IJff DM, Verkuyl JM. Cognitive benefits of the ketogenic diet in patients with epilepsy: a systematic overview. Epilepsy Behav, 2018, 87: 69-77.
51. Samanta D. Efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a scoping review. Children(Basel), 2024, 11(8): 905.
52. Alanazi GM, ALOsaimi TF, Alwadei AH, et al. Efficacy and safety of corpus callosotomy versus vagus nerve stimulation as long-term adjunctive therapies in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: experience of a tertiary care center. Neurosciences(Riyadh), 2022, 27(2): 59-64.
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Research progress of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome

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