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Relationship between myocardial viability and early application of intra-aortic balloon pump after coronary artery bypass grafting

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between myocardial viability in patients with coronary artery disease who underwent elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and early application of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) after coronary revascularization, and to provide relevant clinical reference for the pre-implantation of 16G single-lumen catheter in the femoral artery of high-risk patients to facilitate the addition of IABP after operation.MethodsThis retrospective study included 521 patients (414 males and 107 females, aged 62.50±8.82 years) who underwent positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) perfusion-metabolism imaging prior to CABG surgery in our institution from December 2015 to August 2020. The myocardial viability information and left ventricular functional parameters were measured, including the proportion of non-viable myocardium (perfusion-metabolic imaging match), hibernating myocardium (perfusion-metabolic imaging mismatch) and dysfunctional myocardium (non-viable+viable myocardium), left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic volume and left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV). The patients were divided into an IABP group and a non-IABP group according to whether they received IABP treatment after revascularization. The clinical data were reviewed and compared to explore significant impact factors between the two groups. And the multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the correlation between preoperative myocardial viability and early use of IABP after CABG.ResultsIn multivariate logistic regression analysis, the amount of non-viable, dysfunctional myocardium and LVESV value were identified as the independent predictors for the probability of IABP use in the initial postoperative period. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that 9.5% non-viable myocardium, 19.5% dysfunctional myocardium, and LVESV of 114.5 mL were the optimal cutoff for predicting early IABP implantation during CABG.ConclusionThe myocardial survival status displayed by preoperative PET-CT myocardial perfusion-metabolism imaging can predict the possibility of applying IABP in CABG perioperative period. In addition to routine pre-anesthesia assessment, anesthesiologists can conduct risk stratification assessment for patients with CABG according to the results of preoperative myocardial viability imaging, which is of great significance to ensure the perioperative safety of high-risk patients with CABG.

主动脉内球囊反搏在冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

目的 为提高冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的手术疗效, 总结CABG围手术期主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)应用的临床经验. 方法 回顾性分析46例CABG围手术期行IABP患者的临床资料及IABP放置的原因、时间和预后. 结果 34例康复出院,住院死亡12例,主要死亡原因:低心排血量综合征、肺部感染、多器官功能衰竭等.平均IABP辅助时间28.6±18.2小时.IABP能使平均动脉压升高,心排血量增加,有助于心脏功能差的患者脱离体外循环和改善心脏不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)中心脏对稳定器压迫的耐受性. 结论 IABP是一种简单有效的循环辅助手段,心功能差的高危CABG患者应及时放置IABP.放置IABP前应查明下肢血管情况,避免血管损伤.

体外膜肺氧合联合主动脉内球囊反搏在心脏术后的应用

目的探讨体外膜肺氧合联合主动脉内球囊反搏术在心脏术后急性心力衰竭中的应用。方法回顾性分析 2012 年 10 月至 2017 年 10 月我院心外三科因急性心力衰竭接受体外膜肺氧合联合主动脉内球囊反搏治疗 38 例患者的临床资料，探索联合应用在心脏术后中的作用。男 24 例、女 14 例，平均年龄（58±11）岁。结果24 例患者成功撤离机械辅助装置，其中 16 例患者存活出院。死亡组肾功能衰竭的发生率显著高于生存组，差异有统计学意义。在不能脱机组的患者中，混合静脉血氧饱和度未见明显好转。结论体外膜肺氧合联合主动脉内球囊反搏可能具有协同作用，在心脏术后急性心力衰竭的治疗中起到一定的辅助作用。

外科治疗心脏电风暴三例

心脏直视手术后早期心肌顿抑的诊断与治疗

目的探讨心脏瓣膜置换术后早期心肌顿抑的诊断及治疗以及其所引起的低心排血量综合征（LCOS）的诊疗。 方法回顾性分析我院 2011 年 1 月至 2018 年 3 月期间 42 例心脏瓣膜置换术后早期出现心肌顿抑导致 LCOS 患者的临床资料，其中男 19 例、女 23 例，年龄 38～55（47.91±5.51）岁。术前左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）3.8～6.5（5.3±0.9）cm，左心室射血分数（EF）45%～60%（51.2%±5.3%）；冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病筛查均为阴性；其中单纯主动脉瓣置换 12 例，二尖瓣置换合并三尖瓣成形 15 例，二尖瓣和主动脉瓣置换 15 例。 结果42 例患者均在术后早期［10～24（18.83±4.24）h］出现无明确原因的 LCOS，大剂量肾上腺素［0.06～0.10 μg/（kg·min）］和去甲肾上腺素［0.1～0.5 μg/（kg·min）］治疗无效而加用主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）治疗，其中 25 例患者行肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）。IABP 辅助时间 3～10（5.16±1.95）d，CRRT 治疗时间 22～61（42.17±10.75）h。40 例患者痊愈出院，2 例患者院内死亡，1 例死于脓毒血症，1 例患者死于恶性心律失常。 结论心脏瓣膜置换术后早期出现心肌顿抑引起病情突变恶化，如能早期诊断、早期治疗，将取得好的临床结果。IABP 可以减轻心脏负荷，增加冠状动脉灌注，改善循环，有助于患者渡过心肌顿抑期；CRRT 可以改善 LCOS 患者内环境，减轻肾脏负担。两者是成功救治此类患者的重要手段。

Application of Intra-aortic Balloon Pump in Patients with Mild or Mild to Moderate Aortic Regurgitation

Abstract： Objective To estimate the effectiveness and safety of intra-aortic balloon pump （IABP）in the patients with mild or mild to moderate aortic regurgitation. Methods A total of 15 patients with mild or mild to moderate aortic regurgitation and low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF＜ 40.00%) including 11 males and 4 females, who underwent IABP application after cardiac surgery between September 2006 and January 2011, were included in this study. Their age ranged from 50 to 74 years with an average age of 63.60 years. There were 9 patients with mild aortic regurgitation and 6 patients with mild to moderate aortic regurgitation, all with LVEF ＜ 40.00%. IABP catheters were inserted before operation and IABP worked after heart the recovery of heart beat. Mean aortic pressure (MAP), cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI), LVEF , and aortic regurgitation volume before the use of IABP and after stopping use of it were compared. Results The total mortality was zero. The patients’ CI significantly improved from 1.99±0.23 L/(min.m2) to 3.30±0.29 L/(min.m2) after IABP （t =48.30，P=0.00）. Their LVEFs were significantly improved after use of IABP (37.20%±1.37% versus 42.60%±2.87%， t =11.34，P=0.00）. Their SVRI improved significantly (2 347.00±190.00 dyn·s/(cm5·m2) versus 2 128.00±204.00 dyn·s/(cm5 · m2)，t=20.60, P=0.00）after use of IABP. However, their aortic regurgitation volume were not significantly increased（χ2=0.60, P=0.44）. Conclusion Application of IABP in patients with mild or mild to moderate aortic regurgitation and low LVEF can obtain good circulation support after operation without increasing their aortic regurgitation.

心瓣膜置换术后早期心肌顿抑致低心排血量综合征的诊治经验

目的 探讨心瓣膜置换术后早期心肌顿抑的识别、诊断，以及由此导致严重低心排血量综合征（LCOS）的治疗方法，以提高诊断、治疗水平。 方法 回顾分析我科2004年9月至2006年9月期间4例心瓣膜置换术后早期出现心肌顿抑导致LCOS患者的临床资料，4例均为女性，年龄35～54岁，平均年龄46-75岁。术前左心室大小、收缩功能均基本正常，左心室舒张期末内径（LVEDD)3.5～6.3 cm，射血分数(EF)49%～61%；2例行二尖瓣、主动脉瓣置换术，1例行二尖瓣置换术，1例行主动脉瓣置换术。 结果 4例患者均在术后早期（14～40 h、平均26 h）出现无明确原因的LCOS，给予大剂量肾上腺素［0.10～0.15 μg/(min·kg）］治疗无效而改行主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）治疗，4例患者IABP支持时间为7～12 d（平均8.5 d），3例痊愈，1例因肺部感染于术后28 d死于多器官功能衰竭。2例出现急性肾功能不全，1例7 d后肾功能恢复正常，1例经腹膜透析治疗2周后痊愈。 结论 心肌顿抑可出现在术前心功能良好，手术经过顺利的心瓣膜置换术患者，由心肌顿抑导致的术后早期LCOS，及时应用IABP可以减轻心脏负荷，增加冠状动脉灌注，改善重要脏器循环，有助于左心室渡过心肌顿抑期，恢复收缩功能，是成功救治的重要手段。

Results of intra-aortic balloon pump in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft and analysis of risk factors

Objective To analyze the results of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support in patients receiving coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and the risk factors of postoperative death. Methods The clinical data of 334 patients undergoing CABG procedure and receiving IABP support in Fuwai Hospital from January 1999 to April 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the IABP insertion timing, the patients were divided into three groups: pre-, intra- and postoperative IABP groups. There were 45 males and 11 females aged 60.5±10.7 years in the preoperative IABP group, 84 males and 23 females aged 61.1±8.4 years in the intraoperative IABP group and 119 males and 52 females aged 61.4±8.5 years in the postoperative IABP group.Outcomes of the three groups were compared, including mortality, major complications, ICU stay, hospital stay and total costs. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to predict independent risk factors for postoperative in-hospital death. Results The total in-hospital mortality was 16.8% (56/334). Mortality was significantly different among the pre-, intra- and postoperative IABP groups (3.6% vs.23.4%vs. 17.0%, P=0.006). There was no significant difference in complications among the three groups (P=0.960). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that independent risk factors for postoperative mortality included old age (OR=1.05, P=0.040), female (OR=3.34, P<0.001) and increasing left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD,OR=1.06, P=0.040). Preoperative IABP support was protective factor (OR=0.10, P=0.050). Conclusion The results of IABP support in CABG patients are satisfactory, and patients with preoperative IABP have a lower mortality. Risk factors for postoperative death include old age, female and increasing LVEDD. Preoperative IABP support is a protective factor.

主动脉内球囊反搏救治心脏手术后室性心律失常的疗效观察

目的　评价主动脉内球囊反搏(IABC)治疗心脏手术后室性心律失常的效果。　方法　对33例因心脏手术后出现室性心律失常使用IABC的病例进行分析，观察心律恢复情况、ST段转复情况、监测桡动脉和主动脉压力波形，记录血管活性药物用量。　结果　所有患者在应用IABC后1～2小时室性心律失常由原来的Ⅱ～Ⅴ级恢复到0～Ⅰ级(Lown分级)。ST段的抬高或降低在30分钟～1小时后恢复正常。所有患者在应用IABC后，桡动脉压的基础收缩压均在早期有所下降，从90±19mmHg下降到78±21mmHg(P＜0.05)；基础舒张压从71±16mmHg上升到131±25mmHg(P＜0.01)；平均动脉压增加。多巴胺用量由8±2μg/mlh下降至3±2μg/mlh。　结论　IABC能够有效地控制体外循环手术后室性心律失常的发生，为治疗心脏手术后室性心律失常的一种新方法。

Application of Intra-aortic Balloon Pump for High-risk Patients before Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Abstract： Objective To analyze clinical outcomes of intra-aortic balloon pump （IABP） application for high-risk　 patients before undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting （OPCAB）， and summarize our experience and weaning indications of IABP. Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 102 high-risk patients with coronary artery disease who underwent IABP implantation before OPCAB from January 2008 to July 2011 in Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University. There were 71 male patients and 31 female patients with their average age of 63.0±8.2 years in this IABP group. We also chose another 100 patients without IABP implantation before undergoing OPCAB as the control group， including 55 male patients and 45 female patients with their average age of 64.1±9.5 years. Postoperative systolic arterial blood pressure （SABP）， mean arterial blood pressure （MABP）， mechanical ventilation time， length of intensive care unit（ICU） stay， morbidity， duration of IABP treatment and in-hospital mortality of two groups were compared. Left ventricular　 ejection fraction （LVEF） was evaluated with echocardiography 3 months after surgery. Results Postoperative SABP （95.3±12.2 mm Hg vs. 80.1±11.7 mm Hg；t=8.440， P=0.000） and MABP （78.9±13.5 mm Hg vs. 52.3±15.1 mm Hg； t=12.410， P=0.000） of the IABP group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Mechanical ventilation time， length of ICU stay and duration of inotropic support of the IABP group were significantly shorter than those of the control group. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia， low cardiac output syndrome， perioperative myocardial infarction and dialysis-requiring acute kidney failure of the IABP group were significantly lower than those of the control group. In-hospital mortality of the IABP group was significantly lower than that of the control group ［5.9% （6/102） vs. 17.0% （17/100）， χ 2 =6.180， P=0.020］. Ninety-six patients in the IABP group and 83 patients in the control group were followed up for 3 months. Three months after surgery， echocardiography showed that LVEF of the IABP group was significantly higher than that of the control group（45.3%±12.0% vs. 39.1%±8.2%， t=3.950， P=0.000）. Conclusion Preoperative prophylactic IABP implantation and optimal timing of weaning from IABP support can not only significantly reduce surgical risk and improve surgical outcomes and postoperative recovery of high-risk patients undergoing OPCAB， but also considerably ameliorate patient heart function and reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality.