Objective To observe the dynamic expression of nestin and glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP) in the development of retina in rats.Methods In 48 Wistar rats, 24 were divided into 8 groups with 3 rats in each according to their age (1 day, 1 week, and 2, 3, 4, 7, 12, and 20 weeks old). The sagittal freezing sections of the eye were made; nestin/glutamine synthetase (GS) and GFAP/GS were stained by immunofluorescence and were observed under the confocal microscope. Total RNA was extracted from 18 rats which were divided into 6 groups according to the age (1 day, 1 week, and 2, 3, 4, and 12 weeks old) with 3 rats in each. The expression of nestin, GAFA and GS mRNA were detected by realtime quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Müller cells were cultured from postnatal day 7-12 rats; the expression of nestin and GFAP was detected by immunostaining study. Double immunofluorescence was carried out between nestin/GS and GFAP/GS.Results One day after the birth, nestin positive cells were found in the whole retinal neuroblast layers with elongated retinal progenitor cells; the GFAP positive astrocytes were observed in the inner retina. One week after the birth, Müller glial cells expressed GS and nestin but not GFAP; GFAP positive cells localized in the inner retina.Two to 12 weeks after the birth, the expression of nestin in Müller cells decreased and even disappeared; the expression of GFAP in astrocytes didn't change much. The Müller cells expressed nestin but no GFAP in vitro. The expression of nestin and GFAP mRNA in retina was accordant with the results of immunofluorescence staining.Conclusion In the developing retina, the expression of nestin in Müller cells decreases gradually, and no expression of nestin can be found in adult rats; the expression of GFAP can't be observed in Müller cells in neonatal and adult rats.
【摘要】 目的 探讨成人幕上低级别胶质瘤（WHO Ⅱ级）患者术后生活质量的影响因素。 方法 回顾性分析2008年10月—2010年5月经手术切除病变、术后病理证实为低级别胶质瘤的115例患者临床资料，术后随访6~24个月。以患者年龄、性别、主要临床症状、病变部位、病变大小及病理结果为自变量，以术后Karnofsky评分（KPS）改善为因变量，采用Logistic回归分析研究相关影响因素。采用秩和检验比较不同组间KPS差异。 结果 随访至术后6个月，患者年龄、病变大小、病变部位、切除范围以及是否有癫痫史在KPS比较中，其结果有统计学意义（Plt;0.05）。随访至术后12个月，切除范围和癫痫史对KPS评分已无影响（Pgt;0.05）。病理类型、术前是否存在神经功能障碍与术后KPS改善在单因素和多因素比较中无统计学意义。 结论 患者年龄≤50岁、术前有癫痫史、肿瘤直径≤4 cm、病变表浅、肿瘤全切除的患者术后KPS改善好于年龄gt;50岁、术前无癫痫史、肿瘤直径gt;4 cm、病变深在、肿瘤次全切除的患者。患者术前是否存在神经功能障碍和病理类型与术后生活质量是否改善无明显关系。复发也是影响患者术后KPS改善的因素。【Abstract】 Objective To assess the quality of life in adults with surgically managed cerebral supratentorial low grade glioma (WHO grade Ⅱ) and the relevant factors. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 115 patients with histologically proven supratentorial low grade glioma enrolled at West China Hosptial from October 2008 to May 2010. Follow-up lasted for 6 to 24 months after operation. Logisitc regression analysis is used to test the relevant factors with age, gender, main clinical manifestations, lesion location, lesion size and pathological results as the independent variables, and Kamofsky postoperative scale (KPS) scores as dependent variable. KPS scores of different groups were analyzed using the rank test. Results After 6 months of follow-up, we found that age, size, location, extent of surgical excision and eplispy history showed a statistical significance in KPS comparison (Plt;0.05). Till the 12th month in the follow-up, the extent of surgical excision and eplispy history were not statistically significant any more (Pgt;0.05). Histology type and neurological deficit had no relationship with KPS improvement in both single factor analysis and multivariate analysis. Conclusions Patients with an age older than 50 years, preoperative epilepsy history, the largest diameter of the tumor less than 4 cm, shallow lesions, and complete tumor resection have a better KPS improvement after operation than those with corresponding opposite conditions. There is no obvious relationship between histology type, neurologic deficits and KPS improvement after operation. Recurrence is also a factor influencing KPS improvement after operation.
The human hereditary retinal degeneration is one of the main cause of irreversible blindness in the world. the mechanisms leading to retinal photoreceptor degeneration are not entirely clear. However, microglia acting as innate immune monitors are found to be activated early in retinal degeneration in many retinitis pigmentosa animal models. These activated microglia are involved in phagocyte rod cell fragments of degenerated retina, and also produce high levels of cytotoxic substances such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which aggravate the death of adjacent healthy photoreceptor cells. It suggests that microglia activation plays an important role in photoreceptor degeneration. At the same time, a series of studies have confirmed that some drugs can prevent or reduce neuronal death and slow the occurrence and progression of retinal degeneration by interfering with abnormal activation of microglia. It is expected to be a new choice for the treatment of hereditary retinal degeneration.
ObjectiveTo observe the effect of conditional knocking out (KO) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene on the mouse model of oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR).MethodsThe conditional VEGF KO mice were generated using Cre-Loxp technology, resulting in the deletion of VEGF in a portion of Müller cells permanently in mouse retina. Cre positive was CKO mice, Cre negative was NKO mice. OIR was induced by keeping mice in 75% oxygen at postnatal 7 days (P7) to P12 and in room air from P12 to P17 (each 20 mice for CKO and NKO, respectively). The mice mortality was analyzed. At day P17, the percentage of retinal avascular area was calculated using retinal flat-mounting with fluorescence angiography, the number of vascular endothelial cell nucleus breaking through retinal inner limiting membrane was counted with hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining of retinal sections, and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was detected by immunofluorescence analysis. ResultsDuring the development of OIR, the mortality rate of CKO mice (65.00%) was higher than that of NKO mice (30.00%) with the significant difference (x2=4.912, P=0.027). At day P17, all the mice retinas were harvested. The retinal fluorescence angiography displayed that the normal retinal vascularization of CKO mice was delayed, and large avascular areas were observed. Meanwhile, rare new vascular plexus was found in CKO mice and the thickness of whole retina decreased dramatically. In contrast, NKO mice developed larger area of normal retinal vascular network structure with higher blood vessel density and more new vascular plexus with obvious fluorescein leakage. The percentage of avascular area in CKO mice [(28.31±11.15)%] was higher than NKO mice [(16.82±7.23)%] with the significant difference (t=2.734, P=0.014). The HE staining of retinal sections indicated smaller counts of vascular endothelial cell nucleus breaking through retinal inner limiting membrane in CKO mice (26.10±6.37) when compared to NKO mice (28.80±7.59) , the difference was significant (t=2.437, P=0.016). The immunofluorescence analysis showed stronger expression of HIF-1α in CKO mice than NKO mice, which was mainly located in the retinal ganglion cell layer.ConclusionsThe local VEGF gene knockout partially inhibits retinal neovascularization in OIR mice. However, it also suppresses the normal retinal blood vascular development with a decrease of OIR mice survival ability.
Objective To observe the relationship between retinal microglial activations and ganglion cell (RGC) damages in early-stage diabetic rats. Methods A total of 20 SpragueDawley（SD）rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (each with 5 rats): 1 month control group, 1 month diabetes group, 3 month control group, 3 month diabetes group. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The RGCs of all rats were retrograde labeled by carbocyanine dye DiI injected at the superior colliculi.Microglial cells and RGCs in retinal flat-mounts and sections were stained immunohistochemically and recorded under confocal microscope.Results The diabetic microglial cells were amoeboid and ovoid with fewer processes on retinal flat mounts. The density of microglial cells which phagocytosed DiI particles in the RGC layer significantly increased in the 3month diabetes group（P＜0.01）. The density of microglial cells in the RGC layer significantly increased in the 1- and 3- month diabetes group（P＜0.05）. However there were more microglial cells in the RGC layer in the 3- month diabetes group than the 1-month diabetes group（P＜0.0001）. Significant correlation was found between the amount of microglial cells and that of RGCs in the early-stage of diabetes. Conclusions Microglial cell activation has close relationship with the RGC damages in early-stage diabetic rats.
Objective:To study combination effects of gamma;-ray radiation and hyperthermia on the in vitro cell proliferation of cultured human retianl glial cells in order to explore possible application of the combination treatment for proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Methods:Cultured human retinal glial cells were tread by radiation, hyperthermia,or a combination of the two.Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT method. Results:gamma;-ary irradiation of 100cGy or 300cGy was not effective in suppressing proliferation of the retinal glial cells,neither was the heat treatment at 42℃ or 43℃ for 30 min.Howver,combination of hyperthermia at 42℃ for 30min with 300cGy irradiation suppressed cellular growth of the retinal glial cells to 25.2% of the control.Combination treatment of 43℃，30 min hyperthermia and 300cGy irradiation was more effective. Conclusion:A combination of low dose radiation and mild hyperthermia is effective in the suppression of frowth of cultured human glial cells,and the effects were found to be synergistic.It is expected that the synergistic effects will lower the radiation dose and and also reduce the possible side effects of radiation in the treatment of proliferative vitroretinopathy. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1998,14:29-32)
Retinal macrophages and (or) microglial cells play important roles in regulating inflammation, angiogenesis and tissue repairing, thus affect the development and prognosis of ischemic retinal disease, ocular immune diseases and ocular tumors. Reversing the polarization imbalance of these cells may provide new therapeutic strategies for ischemic retinal disease and ocular immune diseases. The duality of the polarization direction of these cells is still controversial in the inflammatory reaction and pathological angiogenesis of ischemic retinal disease. Meanwhile, the plasticity and diversity of the function need to be further studied and discussed.
Tripartite motif 5 (TRIM5) plays a significant function in autophagy and involves in immune and tumor processes. While the function of TRIM5 remains poorly understood in glioma. We purpose to evaluate the possible prognostic role of TRIM5 in glioma via bioinformatics analyses. The database clinical samples of glioma in this study included low grade glioma (LGG) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). TRIM5 expression in glioma tissues were explored in Oncomine, GEPIA and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Survival analysis and the multivariate Cox regression analysis of TRIM5 based on TCGA were used to evaluate the prognostic role of TRIM5. The protein networks of TRIM5 was detected by STRING database. KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to predict the potential molecular pathways of TRIM5 in glioma. In addition, immune infiltration analysis was conducted by CIBERSORT and TIMER databases. We found that TRIM5 was strongly increased in glioma samples compared with normal samples in Oncomine, GEPIA and TCGA databases. Higher TRIM5 was significantly contributed to worse overall survival (OS) in LGG+GBM patients and LGG patients, while was no correlated with OS of GBM patients. Interaction networks analysis identified that IRF3, IRF7, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, OASL, GBP1, PML, BTBD1 and BTBD2 proteins were contacted with TRIM5. Moreover, KEGG revealed that apoptosis and cancer- and immune-related pathways were enriched with elevated TRIM5. Specifically, TRIM5 could influence the immune infiltration levels, such as activated NK cells, monocytes, activated mast cells and macrophages in glioma. In conclusion, our data indicated that TRIM5 was upregulated in glioma tissues and associated with poor prognosis and immune infiltration. TRIM5 may be acted as a biomarker in prognosis and immunotherapy guidance of glioma.
Objective To investigate the cellular viability and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of the Müller cells under high glucose condition, and explore the protection role of the 5,6-dihydrocyclopenta-1, 2-dithiole-3-thione (CPDT) on Müller cells. Methods Müller cells from Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups randomly, including 25 mmol/L normal glucose group (group A) and 65 mmol/L high glucose group (group B). High glucose group with 45, 60, 70 μmol/L CPDT and cultured them 72 hour was set as group C, D and E. Water soluble tetrazolium salt (WST)-8 was used to measure the cellular viability. Flow cytometry was used to measure the active oxygen and apoptosis index. The expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), Bcl-2 and Bax protein were measured by Western blot. Results Compared with group A, the WST-8 showed that the viability of Müller cells apparently decreased in group B (t=39.59,P＜0.05). Compared with the group B, the viability of Müller cells had changes in group C (t=0.97,P＞0.05), but recovered in group D and E (t=−4.17, −7.52;P＜0.05). Compared with group A, the FCM showed that the mitochondrial ROS levels was higher in group B (t=−30.99,P＜0.05). Compared with group B, the mitochondrial ROS levels were decreased in group D (t=27.68,P＜0.05). Compared with group A, Bax, Nrf2 and HO-1 increased (t=–11.03, –63.17, –11.44;P＜0.05), while the bcl-2 decreased in group B (t=7.861,P＜0.05). Compared with the group B, Nrf2, HO-1 and Bax decreased (t=15.11, 26.59, 6.27;P＜0.05), while the bcl-2 increased in group D (t=−6.53,P＜0.05). Conclusions Under the high glucose, CPDT may reduce the mitochondrial ROS levels and the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and Bax protein of Müller cells. It may inhibit apoptosis through activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and balancing of level of Bcl-2 protein and mitochondrial ROS.
Neural stem cell is a kind of stem cells that can differentiate into neural and glial cells. While Müller cells, the main endogenous neural stem cell in retina,have the features to reentry into the cell cycle and differentiate into neural cells after retinal damage. Although it is highly effective for retinal Müller cell differentiation spontaneously after retinal injury in vertebrates, this feature is rigorous restricted in mammals. Recently, some transcription factors,such as Ascl1, Sox2, Lin28, Atoh7, are sufficient to drive quiescent Müller cells back in proliferation to generate new retinal neurons. Moreover, combining Ascl1 expression with a histone deacetylase inhibitor can bypass the limitation and increase the generation of new neurons in the adult retina. These regenerated neurons integrate the existing neuronal network and are able to respond to light, indicating that they can likely be used to restore vision. While these results are extremely promising, the regenerative response is still limited, likely because the proliferative capacity of mammalian Müller cells is low compared to their zebrafish counterparts. It is indeed necessary to identify new factors increasing the efficiency of the regenerative response.