目的 探讨如何预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中的胆管损伤。方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2008年12月期间在我院行LC的657例患者的临床资料，总结预防胆管损伤的经验。结果 651例患者完成LC，中转开腹手术6例(0.91%)，其中1例(0.15%)因Calot三角致密粘连误伤胆总管。术后胆囊床毛细胆管渗漏2例，每日经腹腔引流管引出胆汁性液体20～50 ml，7～10 d 治愈出院。术后578例（包括中转开腹6例）患者获随访,随访率为87.98%，随访时间为2～24个月, 平均14个月。23例患者剑突下隐痛, 4个月内均自行消失，其余患者均未发现并发症。结论 严格掌握手术适应证、正确仔细地处理Calot三角和适时中转开腹是预防LC术中胆管损伤的关键。
目的总结胆囊切除术致医源性胆管损伤的原因、诊断、治疗及预防的经验。方法回顾性分析昆明市第一人民医院2006年5月至2011年5月期间经治的17例胆囊切除术致医源性胆管损伤患者的临床资料。结果损伤部位包括隆突2例，肝总管3例，胆囊管汇入胆总管部7例，胆总管4例，副肝管1例。1例一期术中端端吻合，2例一期吻合并留置T管支撑，1例行胆囊管结扎，2例内镜下留置鼻胆管引流，4例术后内镜下留置胆管支架，6例术后行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合，1例行脱细胞基质材料修补。随访0.3～5年，平均2.3年，效果良好16例，1例反复发生胆管炎。结论医源性胆管损伤重在预防，精细解剖胆囊三角、严格遵循“确认-剪断-确认”三步骤是防止医源性胆管损伤的关键; 及时发现和正确的处理方法是降低其死亡率及改善预后的关键。
ObjectiveTo explore technical essentials and safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) guided by gallbladder ampulla localization on an imaginary clock for cholecystitis.MethodsA retrospective study of 8 707 continuous patients with mild cholecystitis who underwent LC from July 1998 to February 2018 at a single institution was conducted. Among them, 3 168 patients were treated by the traditional LC from July 1998 to February 2007 (a traditional LC group), 5 539 patients were treated by the LC with the guidance of the gallbladder ampulla localization on an imaginary clock from March 2007 to February 2018 (a gallbladder ampulla localization group). The conversion to open surgery, bile duct injury, return to the operating room due to postoperative massive abdominal bleeding, bile leakage without bile duct injury, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative hospital stays were compared between the traditional LC group and the gallbladder ampulla localization group.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the gender, age, course of disease, and type of cholecystitis between these two groups (P>0.050). The rates of conversion to open surgery, bile duct injury, return to the operating room due to postoperative massive abdominal bleeding, bile leakage without bile duct injury and the operative time, intraoperative blood loss and postoperative hospital stays in the traditional LC group were 3.00% (95/3 168), 0.13% (4/3 168), 0.09% (3/3 168), 0.03% (1/3 168), (43.6±12.6) min, (18.7±3.3) mL, (3.6±2.7) d, respectively, which in the gallbladder ampulla localization group were 0 (0/5 539), 0 (0/5 539), 0 (0/5 539), 0 (0/5 539), (32.2±10.5) min, (12.4±3.5) mL, (3.5±2.8) d, respectively. The differences of conversion to open surgery, bile duct injury, return to the operating room due to postoperative massive abdominal bleeding rates, and the operative time and intraoperative blood loss were statistically significant between these two groups (P<0.050). The differences of the bile leakage without bile duct injury rate and postoperative hospital stays were not statistically significant between the two groups (P>0.050).ConclusionThis study shows that gallbladder ampulla localization on an imaginary clock is useful for ductal identification so as to reduce bile duct injury and improve safety of LC in case of no conversion to open surgery.
Objective To investigate the anatomic factors on iatrogenic biliary injury for elevating surgical safety and decreasing incidence of iatrogenic biliary injury. Methods The clinical data of 39 patients with iatrogenic biliary injury and anatomic varied factors in operation records from January 2000 to August 2009 in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College were analyzed retrospectively. Results Thirty-nine patients with iatrogenic biliary injury were divided into 5 types according to Bismuth typing, including type Ⅰ 6 cases, type Ⅱ 19 cases, type Ⅲ 8 cases, type Ⅳ 5 cases, and type Ⅴ 1 case. Anatomic varied factors included bile duct variation in 15 cases, cystic duct abnormal position in 10 cases, vascular variation in 13 cases, and porta hepatis rotation in 1 case. Biliary injuries were found during operation in 6 cases, 24—72 h after operation in 16 cases, and stenosis of biliary duct was found in 17 cases 3 months to 2 years after operation. Two cases were dead because of liver function failure or myocardial infarction, withdraw was 4, the other patients were cured. Conclusion Anatomic factors are important objective elements in iatrogenic biliary injury, paying attention to abnormal anatomic factors can effectively prevent iatrogenic biliary injury.
目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）并发症的诊断及治疗。方法 回顾性分析我院1994年3月至2009年3月行LC的1 634例患者的临床资料，对术中及术后并发症的发生原因及诊断和治疗进行分析。结果 本组发生并发症22例，发生率为1.35%。术中胆管损伤4例（0.24%），胃肠道损伤2例（0.12%），均行中转开腹手术。术后漏胆8例（0.49%），均行开腹手术; 腹腔出血4例（0.24%），行开腹手术2例，腹腔镜探查止血2例; 严重皮下气肿1例（0.06%），反复行抽吸治疗; 胆总管残余结石3例（0.18%），行开腹手术2例，消炎利胆药物治疗1例。全组病例经上述治疗后均治愈出院。结论 胆管损伤、漏胆、胆总管残余结石、腹腔出血以及胃肠道损伤是LC手术的主要并发症，及时诊断和治疗并发症是提高治愈率的关键。
目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）致胆管损伤的原因、预防措施和经验教训。方法:分析2007年8月～2008年8月期间我院胆道外科收治的3例胆管严重损伤病例资料。结果:3例LC术致胆管严重损伤的患者均发生肝门部胆管狭窄，并均在肝门胆管成形后行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术，吻合口直径2.0～3.0 cm。术后患者恢复良好，均顺利出院，住院时间为10～15天。随访1～6个月，1例于术后2月出现肝区隐痛，口服消炎药可控制，其余未见异常不适。结论:术中仔细辩清肝总管、胆总管与胆囊管的三者关系是预防LC术胆管损伤的关键。胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是处理胆管损伤的重要手术方式。LC术时，胆道外科医生思想上要高度重视，不可盲目追求速度。
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo evaluate the injury of common bile duct in immediate removal of the ligation in cholecystectomy. MethodsEighteen healthy Japanese rabbits were selected and divided into three groups randomly: A group treated with simple cholecystectomy, B group with cholecystectomy plus common bile duct crossligation and C group with cholecystectomy plus hepatic bile duct conjunction “Y”type ligation. The ligation was removed after 5 min in B and C groups. The levels of serum transaminase and bilirubin and pathological changes of bile duct and liver in each group were observed respectively. ResultsThere were no statistic difference in the levels of GPT, GOT, total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB) and DB/TB on 12 hours before operation and the 1st and 7th day after operation between A and ligation groups (Pgt;0.05). But there were statistic difference in the those indexes and pathological changes of bile duct and liver between A and ligation groups on the 30th and 90th day after operation (Plt;0.05). ConclusionDuring cholecystectomy, immediate removal of common bile duct ligation doesn’t affect shortterm results, but the long-term results are bile duct stricture and obstruction.
目的探讨经皮经肝胆管穿刺引流（PTCD）、经皮腹腔穿刺引流及Roux-en-Y胆管空肠吻合术序贯治疗高位胆管损伤合并胆漏的疗效。方法对我中心2004年5月至2009年5月期间收治的5例高位胆管损伤合并胆漏的患者，应用PTCD、经皮腹腔穿刺引流、Roux-en-Y胆管空肠吻合术序贯治疗过程及疗效进行回顾性分析。结果5例患者均获痊愈，随访3~24个月，未发生胆管再次狭窄、胆管炎等并发症。结论PTCD、经皮腹腔穿刺引流后，再进行Roux-en-Y胆管空肠吻合术是治疗高位胆管损伤合并胆漏的首选方法。
摘要:目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC)后发生严重并发症的原因、治疗措施和经验教训。方法:分析 2007 年 8 月至2009 年 4月期间华西医院胆道外科收治的LC术后发生严重并发症的7例患者的临床资料。结果:2例继发性胆总管结石合并化脓性胆管炎患者,采用内镜下十二指肠乳头切开(endoscopic sphincterotomy, EST)取出结石;3例胆道损伤患者,均进行肝门胆管成形和肝总管空肠吻合术;1例绞窄性肠梗阻患者,切除坏死空肠管后,行空肠对端吻合术;以上6例患者均顺利出院,随访8～20个月,均生活良好。1例患者LC术后发生肺动脉栓塞,积极抢救后因呼吸衰竭而死亡。结论:术中仔细轻柔的操作以及辩清肝总管、胆总管与胆囊管的三者关系是预防LC术后发生严重并发症的关键。合理可行的治疗措施是提高发生并发症的患者生活质量的保障。LC术时,胆道外科医生思想上要高度重视,不可盲目追求速度,必要时及时中转开腹。Abstract: Objective: To investigate the causes and therapeutic measures and the experience and lesson of sever complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods:Clinical data of 7 patients with severe complications after LC from August 2007 to April 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical data was got from biliary department of West China Hospital. Results: Two cases of secondary common bile duct stone with acute suppurative cholangitis got cured by endoscopic sphincterotomy. Three cases of severe bile duct injury after LC had stricture of the hilar bile duct, and all of the cases were performed RouxenY hepaticojejunostomy with the diameter of stoma 2.03.0 centimeters. One case of strangulating intestinal obstruction was cured through jejunum endtoend anastomosis after cutting off the necrotic jejunum. All of the above 6 patients recovered well. Following up for 820 months, all lived well. One patient got pulmonary embolism after LC and dead of respiratory failure after active rescue. Conclusion: Carefully making operation and distinguishing the relationship of hepatic bile duct and common bile duct and the duct of gallbladder are the key points to prevent sever complications during LC. Reasonable and feasible treatment is the ensurement of increasing the living quality of the patients with sever complications after LC. And the surgeons of biliary department must have a correct attitude toward LC and should concern think highly during LC and should not pursue speed blindly. In necessary, the operation of LC should be turned into open cholecystectomy.
目的 探讨围手术期处理措施在胆管损伤（BDI）治疗中的作用。方法 分析我院1990年7月至2008年7月期间46例BDI患者的临床资料。结果 46例BDI患者术中发现32例，术后发现13例，1例外伤所致。2例BDI患者行二期胆管修复术后，死于漏胆引起的弥漫性腹膜炎及全身衰竭，1例十二指肠降部憩室手术胆胰管损伤死于并发症，2例胆肠吻合因反复胆管炎死于全身衰竭。结论 除手术措施外，围手术期处理措施对BDI预后有重要影响。应及时发现并处理BDI，术中胆管造影对诊断和治疗有指导意义，术后发现BDI并严重腹腔感染者，围手术期应选择恰当的非手术处理措施有效控制病情后决定手术时机。