Objective To understand the demands of residents in postgraduate medical education for faculty doctors and provide useful information to teaching hospitals. Methods Two hundred residents were interviewed through questionnaires. Results Demands for faulty doctors were consistent in the following 5 fields: faculty’s synthetic diathesis, adaptability to social and medical changes, information management and research, cooperation and teamwork, and innovation and continuous self-improvement (Pgt;0.05). However, with regard to the faculty doctors’ professionalism, teaching models and atmosphere, the demands of residents in the different stages of postgraduate medical education differed significantly (Plt;0.05). Conclusion Teaching hospitals continuously improve faculty doctors’ abilities and pay much attention to residents’ role transformation.
Objective To investigate the elasticity of demand for health care services in China, and to provide suggestions for further studies. Methods Databases including PubMed, The Cochrane Library (Issue 10, 2015), EMbase, CNKI, VIP and WanFang Data were searched from inception to December 2015 to collect studies about price elasticity or income elasticity of demand for health care services. Literatures were screened and related information was independently extracted by two reviewers. Then qualitative approaches were applied to describe the elasticity. Results A total of 31 studies were included. Estimates of the own-price elasticity of demand for health care services ranged from –2.520 to 2.944 in 25 studies; 2 studies estimated cross-price elasticity between outpatient and inpatient service and one study estimated cross-price elasticity between different levels of inpatient services and all estimates were positive; Estimates of the income elasticity ranged from –0.020 to 2.480 in 28 studies. Demand for inpatient services was more income sensitive than the demand for outpatient services and urban citizens were more sensitive to income than their rural counterparts. Conclusion Health service is insensitive to price and belongs to necessity; inpatient service and outpatient service are substitutes for each other and different levels of inpatient services are substitutes for each other; government are supposed to tackle with the unbalanced increase of the demand of outpatient and inpatient services along with the increase of income to guide rational health-seeking behaviors.
Objective To review and summarize the development during the last 20 years and the current status of cosmetic medicine, i.e., cosmetic surgery, in China, for the healthier development of this specialty inthe future. Methods Literature concerned was reviewed, including conferenceabstracts, papers, and publications, and the present status and problems were analyzed. Results Cosmetic medicine was recognized as an independent specialty and gained its clear definition. The development of cosmetic medicine is an inevitable trend of the changing medical modules and the developingscience and civilization. This trend fulfilled the need of the people. The related problems consisted of a high complication rate, confusion of management, andinsufficient specific knowledge in part of the providers. Conclusion The development of cosmetic medicine is an inevitable trend of the civilization development. For the healthy development of this specialty, scientific management and systemic education for the providers are crucial. Only those who have the plastic surgery background are able to participate in this practice.
Objective To re-estimate price elasticity of different income groups’ demand for cigarette in terms of the lastest national tobacco consumption data and provide policy-makers with evidence to make decision on public policy of tobacco control. Methods A total of 16 056 adults of different income were surveyed in 27 provinces in 2002 and the data analyzed by using two-part model (logistic and log-linear model). Results We found that the demand elasticities were -0.589, -0.234, -0.017 and 0.247 for the poor group, low income group, middle income group and high income group, respectively. Conclusions Increasing tobacco tax will result in decreasing more cigarette consumption of lower income groups than higher groups, bearing more taxation of higher income groups than lower income groups, therefore tobacco taxation is not regressive.
ObjectiveTo investigate the demand of pediatric health service, the current situation of resource allocation and the equity of health service, so as to provide guidelines for optimizing the resource allocation of pediatric health service in Sichuan province.MethodsA questionnaire of all healthcare institutions with legal capability from a total of 183 prefectures in Sichuan province was performed in 2015. We described the demand of pediatric health service by two-week hospital visit rate, the proportion of no-visit rate within two-weeks, hospital admission rate, and the patient required hospitalization rate. We assessed current situation of resource allocation, equity and accessibility by analyzing Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve and thermodynamic diagram.ResultsThe demand of pediatric health service in Sichuan province was huge and the current resource allocation can be shown a " inverted triangle” form. According to population distribution, the Gini coefficients of physician, bed and equipment were 0.47, 0.40 and 0.49, respectively, which represented inequality in resource allocation. By location, the Gini coefficients of physician, bed and equipment were 0.82, 0.77 and 0.81, respectively, which indicated an absolutely unfair situation.ConclusionsThe health resources of pediatric in Sichuan province are limited, the distribution is unbalanced, and the supply of pediatric healthcare is not compatible with demand. The lack of resources and waste coexist simultaneously. Furthermore, the fairness of distribution in terms of geographical areas is far less than that in terms of population. The accessibility of superior health resources is low.
Objective To analyze the current situation and demand of emergency and critical care training for medical staff in plateau areas, and to provide a reference for further emergency and critical care training for medical staff in plateau areas. Methods From July 1, 2018 to July 30, 2020, medical staff (including physicians, nursing staff, and other medical staff) from hospitals in various regions of Tibet were surveyed anonymously, to investigate the content and demand of medical staff in plateau areas receiving emergency and critical care training. The content and demand of medical staff from different levels of hospitals receiving emergency and critical care training were further compared. Results A total of 45 questionnaires were distributed in this study, and a total of 43 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective response rate of 95.6%. The average age of medical staff was (35.67±9.17) years old, with a male to female ratio of 1∶1.5. The proportion of tertiary, secondary, and lower level hospitals to which medical staff belong were 23.3%, 27.9%, and 48.8%, respectively. The number and proportion of medical staff receiving training on chest pain, heart failure, stroke, gastrointestinal bleeding, respiratory failure, metabolic crisis, and sepsis diseases were 25 (58.1%), 25 (58.1%), 24 (55.8%), 23 (53.5%), 20 (46.5%), 14 (32.6%), and 12 (27.9%), respectively. The number and proportion of medical staff who believed that training in the heart failure, respiratory failure, metabolic diseases, stroke, gastrointestinal bleeding, chest pain, and sepsis needed to be strengthened were 38 (88.4%), 36 (83.7%), 35 (81.4%), 34 (79.1%), 34 (79.1%), 33 (76.7%), and 29 (67.4%), respectively. Thirteen medical staff (30.2%) hoped to acquire knowledge and skills through teaching. There were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, job type, professional title, and department type among medical staff from tertiary, secondary, and lower level hospitals participating in the survey (P>0.05). The proportion of medical staff in hospitals below secondary receiving training on chest pain was lower than that in second level hospitals (38.1% vs. 91.7%). The proportion of medical staff in hospitals below secondary receiving training on heart failure was lower than that in secondary and tertiary hospitals (38.1% vs. 75.0% vs. 80.0%). The proportion of medical staff in hospitals below secondary receiving training on respiratory failure was lower than that in tertiary hospitals (28.6% vs. 80.0%). The demand for sepsis training among medical staff in hospitals below secondary was higher than that in tertiary hospitals (85.7% vs. 30.0%). There was no statistically significant difference in the other training contents and demands (P>0.05). Conclusion The content of critical care training for medical staff in plateau areas cannot meet their demands, especially for medical staff in hospitals below secondary. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen training support, allocate advantageous resources to different levels of hospitals, expand the scope of training coverage, and enrich training methods to better improve the ability of medical personnel in plateau areas to diagnose and treat related diseases.
The increasing need for healthcare services in rural areas cannot be satisfied because of the lack of healthcare professionals, and poor medical education and training. These result in the low competency of rural healthcare workers. Therefore, the medical education system needs to be reformed in order to improve healthcare human resources in rural areas.