ObjectiveTo evaluate the protective effect of estrogen on survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after transient retinal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR) in rats.MethodsRIR was induced in 60 ovariectomized adult rats (OVX) by increasing intraocular pressure via an intracameral catheter. All of the rats were divided into two groups randomly: in experimental group, the rats underwent a subcutaneous injection with 17β-estrodiol（100 μg/kg） 2 hours before retinal ischemia; and in the control group, saline water was injected correspondingly. The number of RGCs and the thickness of the inner retinal layers were mesured by HE staining method before and 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after reperfusion. TdT-mediated biotin-dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining technique was used to examine the apoptosis of RGCs.ResultsTwenty-four and 48 hours after reperfusion, the number of apoptotic cells in experimental group was obvious lower than that in the control group(Plt;0.05), and the number of RGCs in experimental group was higher than that in the control group(Plt;0.05).ConclusionEstrogen can protect retinal neurons from transient RIR in ovariectomized rats.(Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2005,21:177-179)
ObjectiveTo explore the effect of estrogen on the permeability of retinal blood vessel by ovariectomy.MethodsTwenty-two healthy rats were divided into experimental and control group randomly. Estrogen level of rats decreased due to ovariectomy in the experimental group while stabilized by sham-ovariectomy in the control group. The results were confirmed by vaginal epithelium smearing. Retinal vein occlusion was established by photodynamic method, and leakage of Evan's blue in retina was determined by spectrophotometer.ResultsMature value of vaginal epithelium decreased significantly in ovariectomy rats（t=21.008，P=0.000） while not significantly in sham-ovariectomy ones （t=0.319，P=0.756）; the mean leakage of Evans blue was (25.503 0±4.378 47) ng/mg in experimental group, and (17.830 0±4.265 69) ng/mg in the control group, and the difference between the two groups is significant（t=3.969 36，P=0.001）.ConclusionOvariectomy is an useful method to study the effect of estrogen on ocular diseases, and when estrogen level decreases, the permeability of retinal blood vessel increases.(Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2005,21:174-176)
ObjectiveTo study the influence of estrogen on zoledronic acid in preventing bone metastasis of breast cancer. MethodsTwo hundred and sixteen breast cancer patients who accepted modified radical mastectomy, chemotherapy, and the prophylaxis of zoledronate acid from January 2006 to December 2009 in this hospital were collected, including luminal A 55 cases, luminal B 63 cases, HER-2 positive 50 cases, triple negative 48 cases. Then these patients were categorized into low estrogen group(n=39) and normal estrogen group(n=177) according to the estrogen level. The patients in the low estrogen group accepted drug induced menopause, in the normal estrogen group didn't accept drug induced menopause. All the patients accepted the therapy of zoledronate acid, then with clinical follow-up for 3-5 years until progressive disease(include neoplasm recurrence, bone metastasis, and other neoplasm metastasis etc.). ResultsThe rate of bone metastasis in the low estrogen group was significantly lower than that in the normal estrogen group (χ2=21.91, P < 0.05). For the patients with luminal A, luminal B, HER-2 positive, and triple negative, the rates of bone metastases in the low estrogen group were significantly lower than those in the normal estrogen group[luminal A:5.13%(2/39) versus 12.43%(22/177), χ2=4.54, P < 0.05;luminal B:7.69%(3/39) versus 13.56%(24/177), χ2=6.04, P < 0.05;HER-2 postive:2.56%(1/39) versus 15.25%(27/177), χ2=3.95, P < 0.05;triple negative:2.56% (1/39) versus 18.08%(32/177), P < 0.05]. The rate of bone metastasis among the different subtype of breast cancer in the low estrogen group was not significant difference(χ2=0.55, P > 0.05). ConclusionsFrom the limited preliminary data, the premenopausal women patients with breast cancer who accepted drug induced menopause afer application of zoledronate acid for preverttion of bone metastasis has a obviously efficacy, and the efficacy has no difference among four molecular subtypes of breast cancer.
Objective To study the effect of various doses of estrogen on tissue injury, blood supply and survival area of skin flap and to investigate its mechanism. Methods Thirty New Zealand white rabbits aged 3-4 months old and weighing 1.5-2.2 kg (male or female) were used. Random pattern skin flap (12 cm × 3 cm in size) taking the central l ine of the rabbit dorsum as axis and with the pedicle attached at the proximal end was prepared, and the flap pedicle division was performed 7 days after operation. The rabbits were divided randomly into three groups (n=10 rabbits per group). At 2, 4, and 6 days after operation, the proximal edge of flap in group A and B received 100 ?g/kg and 50 ?g/kg subcutaneous injection ofestradiol benzoate, respectively, while group C received no further treatment serving as control group. General condition ofthe rabbits was observed after injection, gross observation was performed 3 and 7 days after injection, survival area of the skin flap was measured 7 days after injection, contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were tested 5 days after injection, and the flaps were harvested 4 and 7 days after injection to receive histology and no significant difference was noted between group A and group B (P gt; 0.05). The NEU counts 4 days after injection were (18.20 ±6.24) cells/HP in group A, (21.27 ± 5.34) cells/HP in group B, and (28.78 ± 7.92) cells/HP in group C, and at 7 days after injection, there were (15.16 ± 7.02) cells/HP in group A, (18.12 ± 6.44) cells/HP in group B, and (29.67 ± 9.12) cells/HP in group C. The VEGF score 4 days after injection was (4.02 ± 0.48) points in group A, (4.19 ± 0.66) points in group B and (3.67 ± 0.49) points in group C, and at 7 day after injection, it was (4.96 ± 0.69) points in group A, (5.12 ± 0.77) points in group B, and (3.81 ± 0.54) points in group C. Significant difference was evident between 4 days and 7 days after injection in group A or B in terms of NEU counts and VEGF score (P lt; 0.05), and difference between 4 days and 7 days after injection in group C was not significant (P gt; 0.05), and the differences among 3 groups were significant (P lt; 0.05). Conclusion Estrogen injection can increase VEGF expression and NO content of flap, decrease MDA content and NEU infiltration of flat, and improve survival area of flap.
Objective To understand the effect of estradiol in different concentrations on proliferation of diverse mammary primary cells in vitro. Methods The primary cells of cancer tissue, the adjacent tissue to tumors and normal mammary tissue from patiens with breast cancer were obtained using collagenase digesting method. All the tissue samples were cultivated in vitro, and were given estradiol in different concentrations. The effect of estradiol on the proliferation of those primary cells was measured by MTT. Results Estradiol remarkedly promoted the proliferation of primary cells of cancer tissue and peritumor tissue in vitro, whose ER expression were positive. Whereas, the promotion effect of estradiol on the proliferation of normal mammary primary cells was relatively weak, and there was no correlation between the promotion effect with the expression of ER in cancer tissue. Conclusion The risks of occurrence and relapse of breast cancer would increase significantly when the concentration of estradiol is no less than 103 pmol/L in vivo.
Objective To investigate the effect ofestrogen on osteoarthritis in female rats.Methods Forty female rats were divided into four groups. In group Ⅰ, the rats were not given any treatment as a control. Ingroups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ, the rats received fixing left knee joint on extension position. Meanwhile, therats received ovariectomy in group Ⅲ; ovariectomy and diethylstilbestrol treatment in group Ⅳ, respectively. After 4 weeks, histological observation and serum BGP examination were done.Results In groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ andⅣ, the levels of serum BGP were 3.50±0.39, 5.72±0.64 and 3.95±0.44, respectively. The pathologic grades of cartilage and synovium were 10.83±4.35 and 4.21±2.03; 15.32±3.42 and 7.62±3.42; and 12.65±2.73 and 5.46±1.23, respectively. Conclusion Estrogen may play an important role in delaying the development of osteoarthritis.
Objective:To observe the inhibited effect and its mechani sm of estro gen on lightinduced apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells. Methods:Twenty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: ovariectomized (OV) group and OV and estrogen (E2) replacement (OV+E2) group, with 10 rats in each group. All of the rats were exposed to the cyclic illumination under 12 hou r light and 12 hour dark condition with the light intensity of (600plusmn;35.4) lx ( a total of 14 times). All of the right eyes were extracted and the thickness of r etinal outer nuclear layer (ONL) was measured. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transfe rasemediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method was used to evaluate positi v e apoptosis cells in ONL. The expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in retin al cells was detected by immunohistochemistry with image analysis method. Results:The thickness of ONL in OV group was obviously thinner than that in the OV+ E2 group. The number of positive apoptosis of the cells was (0.0275plusmn;0.0069) c el ls/mu;m2 in OV group and (0.0162plusmn;0.0054) cells/mu;m2 in OV+E2group; the di fferen ce between the two groups was significant (t=4.1370，P=0.0012). The values o f in tegral optical density of NOS positively stained cells in retinal inner nuclear layer was (0.3675plusmn;0.0662) in the OV group and (0.2941plusmn;0.0350) in OV+E2 group ; the difference between the two groups was significant (t=3.4885, P=0.0031). Conclusion:Estrogen can protect retina from light injuries by regu lating NOS synthesis and inhibiting apoptosis of photoreceptor cells.
ObjectiveTo explore expression of Mdm2 in the estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer tissues and fibroadenoma of breast tissues, and to explore the effect of MDM2-siRNA on cell proliferation, colony formation, and apoptosis for MCF-7 cells. Methods① Seventy eight ERα-positive breast cancer patients identified by histopathological examination, who underwent surgery in our hospital from June 2012 to October 2015, as well as 10 fibroadenoma of breast patients underwent surgery in the same period, were collected retrospectively to determine the expression of Mdm2, then explore the relationship between the expression of Mdm2 and clinical pathological characteristics of ERα-positive breast cancer patients. ② MCF-7 cells were divided to MDM2-siRNA group (added with MDM2-siRNA), negative control group (added with negative siRNA), and blank control group (added without any reagent). Expression of Mdm2, cell proliferation rate, number of colony formation, and apoptosis rate were determined in the MCF-7 cells of 3 groups. Results① No one of fibroadenoma of breast patients was found positive expression of Mdm2 (0/10), and 38 of 78 ERα-positive breast cancer patients were found the positive expression of Mdm2 (48.7%), which is higher than that of fibroadenoma of breast tissues (χ2=12.357, P=0.000). In ERα-positive breast cancer patients, expression of Mdm2 was related with TNM staging and number of metastasic lymph node (P < 0.050), the positive expression rate of Mdm2 was higher in patients with later TNM staging or more metastasic lymph node. ② Cell proliferation rates on 2, 3, and 4 days after transfection, expression level of Mdm2, and number of colony formation were all lower (P < 0.050), but the apoptosis rate was higher in MDM2-siRNA group (P < 0.050), comparing with negative control group and blank control group. But there was no significant difference between negative control group and blank control group on aforementioned indexes (P > 0.050). ConclusionMdm2 is a diagnostic marker in ERα-positive breast cancer patients, and treatment targeting it might has a certain therapeutic value.
We determined estrogen receptor (ER), estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) in the tissue of 50 gastric carcinomas ans 20 benign stomach diseases. The result showed that the positive rate of ER was 32.0% in gastric cancerous tissue, in which the poorly-differentiated type was higher than that of the well-differentiated type (Plt;0.05)，and still higher in BorrmannⅢ、Ⅳ types than in Borrmann Ⅰ、Ⅱ types (Plt;0.01). The determination of Er is significant for the estimation of prognosis ans endocrinal therapy after operation. E2 content showed no obvious difference betweenn gastric carcinoma, benign somach diseases ans normal gastric mucose, but T level and T/E2 ratio in gastric cancer were much higher than those in benign stomach diseases and normal gastric mucosa (Plt;0.05). IT suggested that the imbalance of E2 and T contents may related the occurence of gatric carcinoma. The E2 and T level showed no obvious difference between ER+ and ER- in gastric cancerous tissue.
Objective To investigate the relationship between the level of testosterone and estradiol in serum and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).Methods The clinical data of 200 patients with active phase CSC who diagnosed by clinical manifestation, examination of fundus and fluorescence fundus angiography (FFA), were retrospectively analyzed. Two hundreds healthy people were collected as a control group. The blood of ulnar vein was collected and the method of magnetic homogeneous enzyme immunoassay was used to detect the level of testosterone and estradiol in serum of two groups. The results were analyzed statistically by t test.Results The values of testosterone and estradiol of male were all higher in CSC group than that in control group，the differences were statistical significance（t=2.804，2.913；P=0.010，0.008）；it was also higher in female（t=2.078，2.807；P=0.049，0.010）. The value of testosterone/estradiol of male was higher than that of female in CSC group，the difference was statistical significance(t=2.231，P=0.046).Conclusions The level of testosterone and estradiol in serum of CSC group increased obviously, especially the value of testosterone/estradiol. The increase of estradiol and testosterone/estradiol may be an etiological factor of CSC.