Objective To study the influence of brominated furanones on the biofilm (BF) formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) on polyvinyl chloride(PVC) materials, and provide new ideas for the research of surface modification of materials and clinical treatment of biomaterial centered infection. Methods We chose three kinds of brominated furanone with representative chemical structure for our research which were respectively 3,4dibromo-5-hydroxy2 (5H) -furanone (Mucobromic acid) in the first furanone group, 4-bromo-5(4-methoxyphenyl)3(methylamino)2(5H)furanone in the second furanone group, and 3,4dibromo-5,5-bis(4-methylphenyl)2(5H)-furanone in the third furanone group. The PVC material soaked with 75% ethanol for 5minutes was classified as the control group. The surface coating of the PVC materials in the four groups all underwent modification respectively and then they were cocultivated with staphylococcus epidermidis together. Confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM) was adopted to detect the thickness of bacterium BF and bacterium community quantity unit area on PVC materials and scanning electron microscope(SEM) was used to observe surface structure of SE, BF formation at 6 h, 12 h, 18 h and 24 h respectively. Results The results of CLSM showed that, compared with the control group, SE bacterium community quantity unit area and the thickness of bacterium BF on the PVC material surface in the second furanone group were obviously smaller (Plt;0.05). SE bacterium community quantity unit area and thickness of bacterium BF on PVC material surface in the first and the third furanone groups had no significant difference (Pgt;0.05). The result of SEM showed that, the quantity of SE bacterium community unit area on PVC material surface in the second furanone group were smaller than that of the control group at 6 hours. The biofilm structure on PVC material surface in the control group was formed at 18 hours, but there were no mature biofilm structure on PVC material surface in the second furanone group at 18 hours. Conclusion The impact of different brominated furanone on SE biofilm formation on the surface of PVC materials is different. The second kind of furanone can inhibit the quantity of SE bacterium community unit area and SE biofilm formation on the surface of PVC materials.
With the changes in the disease spectrum and the advancement of examination technology, the detection rate of multiple primary lung cancers (MPLC) is gradually increasing when multiple nodules and masses in the lung are examined clinically. MPLC has significant distinction with other types of lung diseases or lung cancers in the treatment and prognosis. In most cases, patients would be recommended to undergo the surgery as soon as possible which means that the accurate diagnosis should be made before surgery or during treatment. The newly developed molecular and genomic methods are more likely to better determine the relationship between multiple lesions. Artificial intelligence can be used as a related diagnostic aid to show more accurate and objective results in the diagnosis of multiple pulmonary nodules. This review summarizes the latest MPLC diagnostic research (including pathological analysis, imaging), analyzes surgical treatment methods, and looks forward to the future research direction of MPLC diagnosis and treatment, in order to provide reference for MPLC research.
With the development of multi-slice spiral computed tomography (CT) technology and the popularization of low-dose spiral CT screening, more and more adenocarcinomas presenting ground-glass nodule (GGN) are found. Pathological invasiveness is one of the important factors affecting the choice of treatment strategy and prognosis of patients with early lung adenocarcinoma. Imaging features have attracted wide attention due to their unique advantages in predicting the pathologic invasiveness of early lung adenocarcinoma. The imaging characteristics of GGN can be used to predict the pathologic invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma and provide evidence for clinical decisions. However, the imaging parameters and numerical values for predicting pathologic invasiveness are still controversial, which will be reviewed in this paper.
Objective The intercellular adhesion (ica) gene of Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) is a key factor to bacterial aggregation, to analysis the genotype of iatrogenic SE and to explore the effect of iatrogenic SE ica operon on theformation of bacterial biofilm on the surface of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Methods Fifty-six cl inical isolates of iatrogenic SEwere selected, and PCR and gene sequencing were used to detect the genes related with bacterial biofilm formation. The genes contained 16S rRNA, autolysin (atlE), fibrinogen binding protein (fbe), and icaADB. The bacteria suspension of 1 × 105 cfu/mL iatrogenic SE was prepared; according to the test results of target genes, the PVC material and the genotype of icaADB+, atlE+, fbe+ strains were co-cultivated as the ica positive group; the PVC material and the genotype of icaADB-, atlE+, fbe+ strains were co-cultivated as the ica negative group. The thickness of biofilm and bacterial community quantity unit area on PVC materials were measured by confocal laser scanning microscope, and the surface structure of biofilm formation was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 hours. Results The positive rate of 16S rRNA of iatrogenic SE strains was 100% (56/56). The genotype of icaADB+, atlE+, and fbe+ strains accounted for 57.1% (32/56). The genotype of icaADB-, atlE+, and fbe+ strains accounted for 37.5% (21/56). The sequencing results showed that the product sequences of 16S rRNA, atlE, fbe, and icaADB were consistent with those in GenBank. With time, no significant bacterial biofilm formed on the surface of PVC in ica operon negative group. But in ica operon positive group, the number of bacterial community was gradually increased, and the volume of bacterial biofilms was gradually increased on the surface of PVC. At 24 hours, mature bacterial biofilm structure formed, and at 30 hours, the volume of bacterial biofilms was tending towards stabil ity. The thickness of biofilm (F=6 714.395, P=0.000) and the bacterial community quantity unit area on PVC materials (F=435.985, P=0.000) in ica operon positive groupwere significantly higher than those in ica operon negative group. Conclusion Iatrogenic SE can be divided into 2 types ofica operon negative and ica operon positive bacteria. The iatrogenic SE ica operon can strengthen bacterium biofilm formation capabil ity on PVC materials, bacterium community quantity, and thickness of biofilm, it plays an important role in bacterium biofilm formation on PVC materials.
Lung cancer, as one of the malignant tumors with the fastest increasing morbidity and mortality in the world, has a serious impact on people's health. With the continuous advancement of medical technology, more and more medical methods are applied to lung cancer screening, which has gradually increased the detection rate of early lung cancer. At present, the standard operation for the treatment of early non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection. There is a growing trend to use segmentectomy for the treatment of early stage lung cancer. Anatomical segmentectomy not only removes the lesions to the maximum extent, but also preserves the lung function to the greatest extent, and its advantages are also obvious. This article reviews the progress of anatomical segmentectomy in the treatment of early NSCLC.
Objective To study the influence of brominated furanones on the biofilm formation of Escherichia coli on the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) material, and to provide new ideas for the research of surface modification of materials and cl inicaltreatment of biomaterial centered infection. Methods Three brominated furanones with representative chemical structurewere chosen and coated on the surface modification of PVC materials, respectively [furanone 1: 3, 4-dibromo-5-hydroxy-furanone; furanone 2: 4-bromo-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(methylamino)-furanone; furanone 3: 3, 4-dibromo-5, 5-bis (4-methylphenyl)- 2 (5H)-furanone]. All the modificated PVC materials and Escherichia coli were co-cultivated. The PVC material soaked with 75% ethanol for 5 minutes and Escherichia coli were co-cultivated together as the control group. The thickness of bacterial community and bacterial community quantity in the unit area on PVC materials were measured by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), and the surface structure of biofilm formation was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results The CLSM showed that the thickness of bacterial community and the bacterial community quantity in the unit area of PVC materials was significantly less (P lt; 0.05) in furanone 3 group than in control group, but no significant difference (P gt; 0.05) was found between furanone 1, furanone 2 groups and control group. SEM showed that the quantity of bacterial community in the unit area of PVC materials surface in furanone 3 group was fewer than that in control group at 6 hours; the biofilm structure on PVC materials surface formed at 18 hours in control group, furanone 1 group, and furanone 2 group, but there was no mature biofilm structure on PVC materials surface in furanone 3 group at 18 hours. Conclusion The impact of different brominated furanones on Escherichia coli biofilm formation on the surface of PVC materials is different, 3, 4-dibromo-5, 5-bis (4-methylphenyl)-2 (5H)- furanone can inhibit Escherichia coli biofilm formation on the surface of PVC material.
Objective To investigate the advantage of the concept of wide exposure in uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (uniportal-VATS) for radical resection of lung cancer and assess its safety and feasibility. Methods Clinical data of 255 patients (110 males and 145 females, a mean age of 54.3±7.9 years) with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received wide exposure in uniportal-VATS or three portal VATS (3P-VATS) during August 2017 to March 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 153 patients (67 males and 86 females, a mean age of 56.1±8.5 years) in the uniportal-VATS group and 102 patients (43 males and 59 femals, a mean age of 54.4±7.4 years) in the 3P-VATS group. The clinical effects were compared between the two groups. Results There was no statistical difference in the operation time between the uniportal-VATS and 3P-VATS (135.0±45.6 min vs. 142.0±39.5 min, P>0.05). The overall number of dissected stations (6.9±1.0) and LNs (14.5±3.0) in the uniportal-VATS group were similar with those in the 3P-VATS group (7.1±1.0, 15.1±1.7). The dissected stations of N2 LNs (uniportal-VATS: 4.1±1.7, 3P-VATS: 3.9±0.8) and number of dissected N2 LNs (uniportal-VATS: 8.0±0.9, 3P-VATS: 7.8±1.1) were both similar between the two groups. The duration of postoperative tube drainage and postoperative hospital stay of uniportal-VATS group (3.5±1.8 d and 7.2±0.9 d) were much shorter than those of 3P-VATS group (4.0±1.3 d and 8.8±2.0 d). No significant difference was found in incidence of postoperative complication between the two groups except that the incidence of subcutaneous emphysema in the uniportal-VATS group was much lower. There was no perioperative death in the two groups. Conclusion The concept of wide exposure in uniportal-VATS can meet the requirment of radical resection and it is a safe and valid method which can be used for radical resection of lung cancer.
ObjectiveTo explore the influence of three central venous catheter biomedical materials (polyurethane, silicone, and polyvinyl chloride) on the proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle of Xuanwei Lung Cancer-05 (XWLC-05) cells so as to provide the basis for clinical choice of central venous catheter. MethodsXWLC-05 cells were cultured and subcultured, and the cells at passage 3 were cultured with polyurethane, silicone, and polyvinyl chloride (1.0 cm × 1.0 cm in size), and only cells served as a control. At 24, 48, and 72 hours after cultured, MTT assay was used to detect the cellular proliferation and flow cytometry to detect the cell cycle and apoptosis. At 72 hours after cultured, inverted microscope was used to observe the cell growth. ResultsInverted microscope showed the cells grew well in control group, polyurethane group, and silicone group. In polyvinyl chloride group, the cells decreased, necrosed, and dissolved; residual adherent cells had morphologic deformity and decreased transmittance. At 24 and 48 hours, no significant difference in proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle was found among 4 groups (P gt; 0.05). At 72 hours, the proliferations of XWLC-05 cells in three material groups were significantly inhibited when compared with control group (P lt; 0.05), and the cells in polyvinyl chloride group had more significant proliferation inhibition than polyurethane group and silicone group (P lt; 0.05), but there was no signifcant difference in proliferation inhibition between polyurethane group and silicone group (P gt; 0.05). Compared with the control group, three material groups had significant impact on the rate of apoptosis and cell cycle: polyvinyl chloride group was the most remarkable, followed by silicone group, polyurethane group was minimum (P lt; 0.05). ConclusionPolyvinyl chloride can significantly impact the proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle of XWLC-05 cells; polyurethane has better biocompatibility than polyvinyl chloride and silicone
Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of cytokineinduced killer (CIK) cells immunotherapy on immunity function of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients after operation. Methods Fifty patients with histological or cytological diagnosis of NSCLC on Ⅰstage,Ⅱstage andⅢa stage of tumor, nodes, metastasisclassification were randomly divided CIK cells therapy group and conventional therapy group, 25 cases each group. The immunity function of patients with NSCLC, including the levels of CD3+, CD4+ T cells, ratio of CD4+/CD8+, natural killer(NK) cells, and the levels of Th1/Th2 cytokine were detected before treatment, and the 2nd, 4th, 8th week after treatment. Results The levels of CD3+, CD4+ T cells, NK cells, ratio of CD4+/CD8+, interleukin-2(IL-2), interferon-γ(INF-γ) in CIK cells therapy group at the 2nd week after treatment were more higher than those before treatment (Plt;0.01), their levels reached the peak at 4th week, from then on, it began to decrease. Meanwhile, the levels of Th2 of CIK cells therapy group began to decrease at the 2nd week after treatment, a low ebb at 4th week. At the 2nd, 4th and 8th week,the levels of CD3+,CD4+ T cells, ratio of CD4+/CD8+, NK cells,IL-2, INF-γ, interleukin-4(IL-4), interleukin-10(IL-10) of CIK cells therapy group compared with those inconventional therapy group,there were statistical significance difference［(Plt;0.05),at 4th week after treatment, CD3+ 70.2%±9.1% vs.46.3%±5.8%; CD4+40.2%±7.1% vs.22.9%±4.5%; CD4+/CD8+ 1.82±0.43 vs. 1.09±0.34; NK 15.7%±5.4% vs.10.5%±2.5%; IL-2 34.8±11.7 ng/L vs. 19.8±12.1 ng/L; INF-γ63.7±23.3 ng/Lvs. 30.8±10.6 ng/L; IL-4 10.2±8.6 ng/L vs. 25.8±6.3 ng/L; IL-10 10.6±3.4 ng/L vs. 21.4±8.6 ng/L］. Conclusion The results indicate that CIK cells immunotherapy can enhance the immune function of NSCLC patients after operation.
ObjectiveTo study the effect of intercellular adhesion (ica) operon of Staphylococcus epidermidis on the inflammation associated with mixed biofilm of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans on endotracheal tube material in rabbits. MethodsThe standard strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A (ica operon positive, positive group) and ATCC12228 (ica operon negative, negative group) were taken to prepare a bacterial solution with a concentration of 1×106 CFU/mL, respectively. Then, the two bacterial solutions were mixed with the standard strain of Candida albicans ATCC10231 of the same concentration to prepare a mixed culture solution at a ratio of 1∶1, respectively. The mixed culture solution was incubated with endotracheal tube material for 24 hours. The formation of mixed biofilm on the surface of the material was observed by scanning electron microscope. Thirty New Zealand rabbits, aged 4-6 months, were divided into two groups (n=15), and the endotracheal tube materials of the positive group and the negative group that were incubated for 24 hours were implanted beside the trachea. The body mass of rabbits in the two groups was measured before operation and at 1, 3, and 7 days after operation. At 1, 3, and 7 days after operation, the levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and monocytechemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) were detected by using an ELISA test kit. At 7 days after operation, the formation of mixed biofilm on the surface of the endotracheal tube materials was observed by scanning electron microscope, the inflammation and infiltration of tissues around the materials were observed by HE staining, and the bacterial infections in heart, lung, liver, and kidney were observed by plate colony counting method.ResultsScanning electron microscope observation showed that the mixed biofilm structure was obvious in the positive group after 24 hours in vitro incubation, but no mixed biofilm formation was observed in the negative group. In vivo studies showed that there was no significant difference in body mass between the two groups before operation and at 1, 3, and 7 days after operation (P>0.05). Compared with the negative group, the levels of MCP-1 and IL-1β at 1 day, and the levels of IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-6, and TNF-α at 3 and 7 days in the positive group all increased, with significant differences (P<0.05). Scanning electron microscope observation showed that a large amount of Staphylococcus epidermis and mixed biofilm structure were observed in the positive group, and a very small amount of bacteria was observed in the negative group with no mixed biofilm structure. HE staining of surrounding tissue showed inflammatory cell infiltration in both groups, and neutrophils and lymphocytes were more in the positive group than in the negative group. There was no significant difference in the number of bacterial infections in heart and liver between the two groups (P>0.05). The number of bacterial infections in lung and kidney in the positive group was higher than that in negative group (P<0.05).ConclusionIn the mixed infection of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans, the ica operon may strengthen the structure of the biofilm and the spread of the biofilm in vivo, leading to increased inflammatory factors, and the bacteria are difficult to remove and persist.