Objective To review the progress and application of peripheral nervous microelectrode. Methods The recent articles on peripheral nervous microelectrode were extensively reviewed. The classification, the progress of the peripheral nervous microelectrode and its utilizable prospect in the control of electronic prosthesis were summarized. Results The microelectrodes had favorable functions of selective stimulation and recording. It provided an information transmitting interface between the electric prosthesis and peripheral nerves. Conclusion Peripheral nervous signal is a feasible signal source to control electronic prosthesis.
Endometriosis (EM) is a common benign gynecological disease with complex pathogenesis and lack of unified understanding. In recent years, the theory of stem/progenitor cells has gradually been recognized by scholars. The presence of stem/progenitor cells in the endometrium and researchers’ understanding of stem/progenitor cell specific markers has been further developed, which is of great significance for sorting stem/progenitor cells and further elucidating their roles in the pathogenesis of EM. At present, more endometrial stem cell signaling pathways have been studied including Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B, Smad/connective tissue growth factor, CXCL12/CXCR4, etc. These signaling pathways can regulate stem cell involvement in the pathogenesis of EM. Exploring how signaling pathways to regulate stem cell involvement in the pathogenesis of EM can help elucidate the specific pathogenesis of EM and provide new directions for its treatment. This paper will summarize them.
ObjectiveTo detect FoxM1 expression in thyroid papillary carcinoma TPC-1 cells,and explore influence of FoxM1 expression on important genes (RAS gene and CDK1 gene) of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway. MethodsThe hFoxM1-RNA interference was used to deal with the thyroid papillary carcinoma TPC-1 cells (experiment group),another untreated TPC-1 cell was as control group.Then the real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the FoxM1,Ras,and CDK1 gene expressions in all the TPC-1 cells. ResultCompared with the control group,the FoxM1 gene expression was significantly decreased (0.452 9 versus 1.005 0,t=24.692 9,P<0.01),the Ras gene expression was significantly elevated (1.319 0 versus 1.001 2,t=14.218 5,P<0.01),and the CDK1 gene expression was significantly decreased (0.767 5 versus 1.008 1，t=10.763 4,P<0.01) in the experiment group. ConclusionFoxM1 gene expression level in thyroid papillary carcinoma TPC-1 cells could influence Ras and CDK1 expression,which suggests that its role in thyroid papillary carcinoma might be associated with MAPK signal pathway.
ObjectiveTo review the mechanism and research progress of signal ing pathways which play key roles in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. MethodsRecent articles about signal ing pathways of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation were reviewed and comprehensively analyzed. ResultsAt present, multi ple signaling pathways have been found to be involved in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, among which bone morphogenetic protein-Smads, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, and fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways may play the most important roles. Not only each pathway has a complex regulatory mechanism itself, but also contacts and impacts with each other, thus they formed a more compl icated and sophisticated regulatory network, and regulate together osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. However, the mechanisms in detail of those pathways are still not very clear, because the animal experiment techniques are not yet mature as well as the relevant cl inical trials were carried out not too much. ConclusionThe complete molecular mechanism of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation should be further investigated, so as to lay a theory foundation for preventing and treating the common bone diseases in cl inical which are involve in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
Objective To summarize the important role of myeloid differentiation factor 88 （MyD88） in toll like receptor （TLR） signaling pathway， and to summarize the relationship between MyD88 and relative diseases， and its potential application value. Methods Domestic and international publications online involving the role of MyD88 in TLR signaling pathway and the influence of MyD88 in some kinds of diseases in recent years were collected and reviewed. Results MyD88 was an important adapter protein， and played a connecting role in the TLR signaling pathway. It was the bottle neck of TLR signaling pathway， and could lead to the activation of many transcription factor to initiate innate immune response. It was also related to a variety of diseases. Conclusions MyD88 is the key adapter protein in TLR signaling pathway. It plays an important role in innate immunity， acquired immunity， and a variety of diseases， so it is a potential therapeutic target.
Stem cells are crucial for embryonic development and in the maintenance of adult cellular homeostasis. Understanding the regulatory network of stem cells, including embryonic and adult stem cells, will allow us to learn the pathogenesis and possibly design novel approaches to treat many diseases (such as cancer and degeneration). The retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway controls cellular proliferation, differentiation and death. More and more evidences support an important role of Rb activity in the biology of stem and progenitor cells. Transiently inactivating Rb pathway might favor the expanding of functional stem cell populations, thus have values in the future stem cell applications.
ObjectiveTo summarize the clinical features and imaging features of CT in the omental torsion, and in order to reduce the misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis rate of imaging features. MethodsThe data of 16 cases of omental torsion (secondary 15 cases, primary 1 case) and 286 cases of acute appendicitis (eliminated the subhepatic and retroperitoneal ectopic appendix) in our hospital from 1998 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. ResultsEleven cases of omental torsion suffered from the shifting pain in right lower quadrant. No obvious shifting abdominal pain was observed in other 4 cases whose main manifestations were abdominal tenderness and rebound tenderness around umbilicus. The patient of the remaining 1 case had enclosed mass in the area of left groin with pain and suffered from continuous periumbilical pain. Abdominal spiral CT examination was performed in 16 patients before operation. Increased signal intensity of globular soft tissue, which deviating from McBurney's point, was found at level of distal umbilicus by preoperative spiral CT in 13 cases. One case of omental torsion associated with ncarcerated inguinal hernia was missed. ConclusionsOmental torsion manifests chiefly shifting pain in right lower quadrant, abdominal tenderness, and rebound tenderness around umbilicus. It is easily confused with appendicitis. Abdominal spiral CT should be chosen as a preferred means in preoperative diagnosis of omental torsion.
Objective To investigate the activation and role of signal transduction pathway of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in proliferation of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Methods Human RPE cells were stimulated with 0.1%，10% foetal calfserum (FCS) and EGF(0.1, 1, 10, 50 and 100 ng/ml)in 0.1% FCS Dulbeco′s modified Eagle′s medium (DMEM) and in 10% FCS DMEM for 3 days, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization were used to observe the expressions of EGFR protein and EGFR mRNA，respectively. Activation of MAPK was detected by immunohistochemical method with specific anti-phosphorylated ERK 1/2 antibody. Results The optimal concentrations of EGF were 10 ng/ml in 0.1% FCS DMEM and 1 ng/ml in 10% FCS DMEM. After 3 days of stimulation with EGF, phosphorylated ERK 1/2 staining was detectable in nucleus of RPE cells, whereas cells presented immunostaining for phosphorylated ERK 1/2 in the cytoplasm before stimulation. Conclusions EGF may improve the expression of EGFR protein and EGFR mRNA of RPE cells, and induced MAPK nuclear translocation in a concentration-dependent manner. EGF-EGFR-MAPK signal transduction pathway may play a key role in RPE cells proliferation, and serum exerts an important acceclerating function in the process. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis，2004，20：67-132)
ObjectiveTo investigate influence factor of long-term survival of primary colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma. MethodThe clinical data of 37 patients with primary colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma from January 1990 to November 2010 in this hospital were analyzed retrospectively. ResultsThe cumulative survival rates of 1-, 2-, 3and 5-year after the initial surgery were 70.3%, 51.4%, 27.0%, and 10.8% respectively. The survival time of 37 patients was 26 months. The results of univariate analysis showed that the TNM stage, T stage, preoperative intestinal obstruction or not, operation mode, and postoperative chemotherapy or not were associated with the survival time of primary colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma (P < 0.05). The results of multivariable analysis showed that TNM stage, T stage, and preoperative intestinal obstruction or not were the independent factors for the prognosis of patients with primary colorectal signetring cell carcinoma. ConclusionsThe survival rate of patients with primary colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma is lower. TNM stage, T stage, and preoperative intestinal obstruction or not are independent factors of it. Chemotherapy after operation could prolong survival time of patients with primary colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma.
To summarize Notch, basic hel ix-loop-hel ix (bHLH) and Wnt gene signal transduction pathways in the process of differentiation and development of neural stem cells. Methods The l iterature on the gene signal transduction pathway in the process of differentiation and development of neural stem cells was searched and then summarized and analyzed. Results The formation of Nervous System resulted from common actions of multi-signal transduction pathways. There may exist a fixed threshold in the compl icated selective system among Notch, bHLH and Wnt gene signal transduction pathways. Conclusion At present, the specific gene signal transduction pathway of multi pl ication and differentiation of neural stem cells is still unclear.