The compressive strength of the original bone tissue was tested, based on the raw human thigh bone,bovine bone,pig bone and goat bone. The four different bone-like apatites were prepared by calcining the raw bones at 800℃ for 8 hours to remove organic components. The comparison of composition and structure of bone-like apatite from different bone sources was carried out with a composition and structure test. The results indicated that the compressive strength of goat bone was similar to that of human thigh bone, reached (135.00±7.84) MPa; Infrared spectrum (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis results showed that the bone-like apatite from goat bone was much closer to the structure and phase composition of bone-like apatite of human bones. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) test results showed that the content of trace elements of bone-like apatite from goat bone was closer to that of apatite of human bone. Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) results showed that the Ca/P value of bone-like apatite from goat bone was also close to that of human bone, ranged to 1.73±0.033. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) patterns indicated that the macrographs of the apatite from human bone and that of goat bone were much similar to each other. Considering all the results above, it could be concluded that the goat bone-like apatite is much similar to that of human bone. It can be used as a potential natural bioceramic material in terms of material properties.
Marine-derived biopolymers are excellent raw materials for biomedical products due to their abundant resources, good biocompatibility, low cost and other unique functions. Marine-derived biomaterials become a major branch of biomedical industry and possess promising development prospects since the industry is in line with the trend of " green industry and low-carbon economy”. Chitosan and alginates are the most commonly commercialized marine-derived biomaterials and have exhibited great potential in biomedical applications such as wound dressing, dental materials, antibacterial treatment, drug delivery and tissue engineering. This review focuses on the properties and applications of chitosan and alginates in biomedicine.
Artificial bone repair material is the best substitute for autologous bone transplantation. Bone repair materials are constantly being replaced and upgraded, which can be roughly divided into three generations: bioinert materials, bioactive materials, and smart materials. Research and development of bone repair materials with multiple biological activities, in vivo degradation property that perfectly fit for new bone formation, and ability of complete reconstruction of bone tissue in physiological state are the focus of future research.
Infectious bone defects are usually caused by trauma, surgical infections, or chronic osteomyelitis, and represent a complex and intractable clinical challenge in the field of orthopaedics. Biological scaffolds can achieve synergistic repair of defects by loading antibiotics for controlled release to inhibit bacteria, providing support for cell proliferation and differentiation to promote bone regeneration, and carrying factors or stem cells to enhance vascularization. They possess incomparable advantages over traditional treatment methods in the management of infectious bone defects, and the selection of appropriate biological scaffolds in clinical practice needs to be tailored to the type of defect and the severity of infection. Therefore, this article elaborates on the application and research progress of biological scaffolds in the treatment of infectious bone defects.
ObjectiveTo review the research progress and challenges of poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) membrane in preventing tendon adhesion. MethodsThe relevant literature at home and abroad in recent years was extensively searched, covering the mechanism of tendon adhesion formation, the adaptation challenge and balancing strategy of PLLA, the physicochemical modification of PLLA anti-adhesion membrane and its application in tendon anti-adhesion. In this paper, the research progress and modification strategies of PLLA membranes were systematically reviewed from the three dimensions of tissue adaptation, mechanical adaptation, and degradation adaptation. ResultsThe three-dimensional adaptation of PLLA membrane is optimized by combining materials (such as hydroxyapatite, polycaprolactone), structural design (multilayer/gradient membrane), and drug loading (anti-inflammatory drug). The balance between anti-adhesion and pro-healing is achieved, the mechanical adaptation significantly improve, and degradation is achieved (targeting the degradation cycle to 2-4 weeks to cover the tendon repair period). ConclusionIn the future, it is necessary to identify the optimal balance point of three-dimensional fitness, unify the evaluation criteria and solve the degradation side effects through the co-design of physicochemical modification and drug loading system to break through the bottleneck of clinical translation.
ObjectiveTo review the research progress of natural biomaterial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) in orthopedics. Methods The literature concerning PHA devices for bone defects, bone repair, and bone neoplasms, respectively, in recent years was extensively consulted. The three aspects of the advantages of PHA in bone repair, the preparation of PHA medical devices for bone repair and their application in orthopedics were discussed. ResultsDue to excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, and potential osteoinduction, PHA is a kind of good bone repair material. In addition to the traditional PHA medical implants, the use of electrostatic spinning and three-dimensional printing can be designed to various functional PHA medical devices, in order to meet the orthopedic clinical demands, including the bone regeneration, minimally invasive bone tissue repair by injection, antibacterial bone repair, auxiliary establishment of three-dimensional bone tumor model, directed osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, etc. ConclusionAt present, PHA is a hotspot of biomaterials for translational medicine in orthopedics. Although they have not completely applied in the clinic, the advantages of repair in bone defects have been gradually reflected in tissue engineering, showing an application prospect in orthopedics.
Objective To develop a biodegradable implantable bone material with compatible mechanics with the bone tissue, providing a new biomaterial for clinical bone repair and regeneration. Methods Silk reinforced polycaprolactone composites (SPC) containing 20%, 40%, and 60% silk were prepared by layer-by-layer assembly and hot-pressing technology. Macroscopic morphology was observed and microstructure were observed by scanning electron microscopy, compressive mechanical properties were detected by compression test, surface wettability was detected by surface contact angle test, degradation of materials was observed after soaking in PBS for 180 days, and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells was detected by cell counting kit 8 assay. Six Sprague Dawley rats were subcutaneously implanted with polycaprolactone (PCL) and 20%-SPC, respectively. Masson staining was used to analyze the in vivo degradation behavior and vascularization effect within 180 days. Results The pore defects of the three SPC sections were relatively few. In the range of 20% to 60%, as the silk content increased and the PCL content decreased, the interlayer spacing of silk fabric decreased, and the fibers almost covered the entire cross-section. The compressive modulus and compressive strength of SPC showed an increasing trend, and the compressive modulus of 60%-SPC was slightly lower than that of 40%-SPC. There were significant differences in compressive modulus and compressive strength between the materials (P<0.05). In vitro simulated fluid degradation experiments showed that the mass loss of the three types of SPC after 180 days of degradation was within 5%, with the highest mass loss observed in 60%-SPC. The differences in mass loss between the materials were significant (P<0.05). As the silk content increased, the static water contact angle of each material gradually decreased, and all could promote the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The subcutaneous degradation experiment in rats showed that 20%-SPC began to degrade at 30 days after implantation, and material degradation and vascularization were significant at 180 days, which was in sharp contrast to PCL. Conclusion SPC has the mechanical and hydrophilic properties that are compatible with bone tissue. It maintains its mechanical strength for a long time in a simulated body fluid environment in vitro, and achieves dynamic synchronization of material degradation, tissue regeneration, and vascularization through the body’s immune regulation mechanism in vivo. It is expected to provide a new type of implant material for clinical bone repair.
Objective To review the research progress on bone repair biomaterials with the function of recruiting endogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods An extensive review of the relevant literature on bone repair biomaterials, particularly those designed to recruit endogenous MSCs, was conducted, encompassing both domestic and international studies from recent years. The construction methods and optimization strategies for these biomaterials were summarized. Additionally, future research directions and focal points concerning this material were proposed. Results With the advancement of tissue engineering technology, bone repair biomaterials have increasingly emerged as an ideal solution for addressing bone defects. MSCs serve as the most critical “seed cells” in bone tissue engineering. Historically, both MSCs and their derived exosomes have been utilized in bone repair biomaterials; however, challenges such as limited sources of MSCs and exosomes, low survival rates, and various other issues have persisted. To address these challenges, researchers are combining growth factors, bioactive peptides, specific aptamers, and other substances with biomaterials to develop constructs that facilitate stem cell recruitment. By optimizing mechanical properties, promoting vascular regeneration, and regulating the microenvironment, it is possible to create effective bone repair biomaterials that enhance stem cell recruitment. Conclusion In comparison to cytokines, phages, and metal ions, bioactive peptides and aptamers obtained through screening exhibit more specific and targeted recruitment functions. Future development directions for bone repair biomaterials will involve the modification of peptides and aptamers with targeted recruitment capabilities in biological materials, as well as the optimization of the mechanical properties of these materials to enhance vascular regeneration and adjust the microenvironment.
ObjectiveTo summarize the research progress of interfacial tissue engineering in rotator cuff repair.MethodsThe recent literature at home and abroad concerning interfacial tissue engineering in rotator cuff repair was analysed and summarized.ResultsInterfacial tissue engineering is to reconstruct complex and hierarchical interfacial tissues through a variety of methods to repair or regenerate damaged joints of different tissues. Interfacial tissue engineering in rotator cuff repair mainly includes seed cells, growth factors, biomaterials, oxygen concentration, and mechanical stimulation.ConclusionThe best strategy for rotator cuff healing and regeneration requires not only the use of biomaterials with gradient changes, but also the combination of seed cells, growth factors, and specific culture conditions (such as oxygen concentration and mechanical stimulation). However, the clinical transformation of the relevant treatment is still a very slow process.
With the continuous progress of materials science and biology, the significance of biomaterials with dual characteristics of materials science and biology is keeping on increasing. Nowadays, more and more biomaterials are being used in tissue engineering, pharmaceutical engineering and regenerative medicine. In repairing bone defects caused by trauma, tumor invasion, congenital malformation and other factors, a variety of biomaterials have emerged with different characteristics, such as surface charge, surface wettability, surface composition, immune regulation and so on, leading to significant differences in repair effects. This paper mainly discusses the influence of surface charge of biomaterials on bone formation and the methods of introducing surface charge, aiming to promote bone formation by changing the charge distribution on the surface of the biomaterials to serve the clinical treatment better.