Objective To investigate the indication and possibility of orthotopic liver transplantation for patient with alveolar hydatid disease. Methods An orthotopic liver transplantaion was successfully performed on two cases with unresectable alveolar hydatid disease using the new approach of venovenous bypass first.Results The recovery of liver graft function was good after the operation in these patients. Following up for nine and three months, the patients returned to his work without any complications. Conclusion It suggests that the case with advanced alveolar hydatid disease are an indication for liver transplantation. The new technique of venovenous bypass prior to mobilization of liver is feasible and safe.
Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease that seriously threatened human health. The disease is widely distributed in China, including in Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, and other places, which has become a social and economic burden in China. Human beings are mainly infected with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE), which mainly involves liver, lung, brain, bone, and other organs or tissues. The surgical resection is the first line treatment, and antiparasitic agents therapy is the main supplementary or salvage treatment method. Currently, classic drugs mainly include albendazole and praziquantel, which use alone or in combination. There are also some attempts to treat echinococcosis, including broad-spectrum anti infective drugs such as nitrozotocin, cell proliferation inhibiting drugs such as bortezomib, metabolic drugs such as metformin, or traditional medicines such as Artemisinin. It was also suggested to adopt a cancer management model for echinococcosis, and the imaging follow-up time for CE after antiparasitic chemotherapy should be at least 3 years, and for AE should be at least 10 years. More importantly, measures such as education and vaccine inoculation should be taken to actively prevent and control the occurrence and spread of echinococcosis.
Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a severe zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, primarily affecting the liver. Due to its insidious nature, the patients are often diagnosed at advanced stage, posing significant treatment challenges. We comprehensively examines the progress in surgical techniques for HAE management, focusing on various strategies across different disease stages. For the patients with early-stage HAE, ablation therapy has emerged as an effective treatment option. In the moderate to advanced cases, numerous surgical techniques and innovative approaches have been introduced, including laparoscopic surgery and liver transplantation, with particular emphasis on ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation. These advancements offer more effective treatment options for the patients with advanced HAE. However, significant challenges persist, notably the preservation of adequate liver function while achieving complete lesion removal. Future research should prioritize the exploration and optimization of existing surgical methods, especially for advanced HAE cases. This includes refining surgical techniques through precise preoperative evaluation and staging, as well as developing novel surgical approaches to enhance safety and efficacy. Furthermore, multicenter and long-term follow-up prospective studies are crucial for validating the effectiveness of new surgical techniques and strategies. Through these concerted efforts, it is anticipated that the survival rates and quality of life for HAE patients will significantly be improved, marking a new era in the management of this complex disease.
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo introduce the clinical appliance of liver transplantation (LT) in the therapy of alveolar hydatid disease (AHD).MethodsThe related literatures were collected and reviewed.ResultsThe 5year survival rate of AHD was 71% after LT. Removing the liver and preventing the recurrence are the two major difficulties in the treatment.ConclusionAs the only feasible and effective therapy for advanced AHD, LT should be studied further.
ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors affecting severe postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo classification Ⅲa or higher) in patients with end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) underwent ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation (ELRA), and to develop a nomogram prediction model. MethodsThe clinical data of end-stage HAE patients who underwent ELRA at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University from January 2014 to June 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. The logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors affecting severe postoperative complications. A nomogram prediction model was established basing on LASSO regression and its efficiency was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis. Simultaneously, a generalized linear model regression was used to explore the preoperative risk factors affecting the total surgery time. Test level was α=0.05. ResultsA total of 132 end-stage HAE patients who underwent ELRA were included. The severe postoperative complications occurred in 47 (35.6%) patients. The multivariate logistic analysis results showed that the patients with invasion of the main trunk of the portal vein or the first branch of the contralateral portal vein (type P2) had a higher risk of severe postoperative complications compared to those with invasion of the first branch of the ipsilateral portal vein (type P1) [odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI)=8.24 (1.53, 44.34), P=0.014], the patients with albumin bilirubin index (ALBI) grade 1 had a lower risk of severe postoperative complications compared to those with grade 2 or higher [OR(95%CI)=0.26(0.08, 0.83), P=0.023]. Additionally, an increased total surgery time or the autologous blood reinfusion was associated with an increased risk of severe postoperative complications [OR(95%CI)=1.01(1.00, 1.01), P=0.009; OR(95%CI)=1.00(1.00, 1.00), P=0.043]. The nomogram prediction model constructed with two risk factors, ALBI grade and total surgery time, selected by LASSO regression, showed a good discrimination for the occurrence of severe complications after ELRA [area under the ROC curve (95%CI) of 0.717 (0.625, 0.808)]. The generalized linear regression model analysis identified the invasion of the portal vein to extent type P2 and more distant contralateral second portal vein branch invasion (type P3), as well as the presence of distant metastasis, as risk factors affecting total surgery time [β (95%CI) for type P2/type P1=110.26 (52.94, 167.58), P<0.001; β (95%CI) for type P3/type P1=109.25 (50.99, 167.52), P<0.001; β (95%CI) for distant metastasis present/absent=61.22 (4.86, 117.58), P=0.035]. ConclusionsFrom the analysis results of this study, for the end-stage HAE patients with portal vein invasion degree type P2, ALBI grade 2 or above, longer total surgery time, and more autologous blood transfusion need to be closely monitored. Preoperative strict evaluation of the first hepatic portal invasion and distant metastasis is necessary to reduce the risk of severe complications after ELRA. The nomogram prediction model constructed based on ABLI grade and total surgery time in this study demonstrates a good predictive performance for severe postoperative complications, which can provide a reference for clinical intervention decision-making.
ObjectiveTo comprehend the current diagnosis status and new progress of hepatic echinococcosis (HE). MethodThe literature from domestic and foreign researchers relevant diagnosis of HE in recent years was searched and summarized. ResultsThe HE was widely distributed worldwide, with extremely high mortality and disability rates, posing a serious threat to local economic development and public health. At present, in addition to the traditional and widely recognized diagnostic methods based on epidemiological histories, clinical manifestations, routine imaging, and experimental examinations, many innovative technologies based on these traditional diagnostic methods had emerged in the field of HE diagnosis, such as diagnostic prediction models constructed based on ultrasound and other imaging data, artificial intelligence, three-dimensional visual reconstruction, and circulating free DNA testing, which significantly improved the diagnosis rate of the HE. ConclusionsIn recent years, with the continuous improvement of medical level, the in-depth and perfect exploration of HE has made remarkable progress, which not only provides a new possibility for the early diagnosis of the HE, but also provides an important basis for research in related fields and the formulation of prevention and control measures. Therefore, the further promotion and application of these new techniques will aid to promote the diagnosis progress of HE and reduce its impact on population health.
ObjectiveTo summarize the effect of artificial blood vessel replacement in the treatment of complex hepatic alveolar hydatid disease involving retrohepatic inferior vena cava.MethodClinical data of 5 patients with hepatic alveolar hydatid disease involving retrohepatic inferior vena cava, who underwent vena cava replacement operation from June 2018 to August 2019 in our hospital were collected to analyzed.ResultsThe operation was successfully completed in all the 5 patients, and the hepatic hydatid space-occupying lesions were completely removed. Among them, 2 cases underwent extended right hemihepatectomy and caudate lobectomy, the operative time was 7 h and 8 h, the intraoperative blood loss was 600 mL and 400 mL, respectively, and the hospital stay were both 14 d. Three cases underwent autotransplantation surgery, with the operative time of 16 h, 12 h, and 12 h, the intraoperative blood loss was 1 500 mL, 1 500 mL, and 1 000 mL, and the hospital stay were 24, 20, and 19 d, respectively. There was no massive hemorrhage occurred, and 1 case suffered from liver failure (compensatory period), 2 cases suffered form bile leakage, all of which were cured by liver protection, anti infection, and drainage. During the follow-up period, the 5 cases were all in good condition, no relapse or recurrence occurred, and the quality of life was good.ConclusionThe replacement of the infected inferior vena cava by artificial blood vessel is an effective and feasible method for the treatment of hepatic alveolar hydatid disease involving retrohepatic inferior vena cava.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of dilute autotransfusion in liver resection for patients with hepatic hydatid disease. MethodThirty patients with hepatic hydatid disease met the inclusion criteria were included. The changes of intraoperative hemodynamics, internal environment, and each system functions at different time point were observed. Results①There were no significant differences among mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate in all the patients at each time point (P > 0.05), while, the other indexes including the concentrations of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) after blood collection were all greatly lower than those before blood collection (P < 0.05), Na+, K+, Cl-, pH, and base excess after blood collection were all greatly lower than those before blood collection (P < 0.05). But all the indexes above mentioned (except for ph and base excess) returned to normal.②Compared with these indicators before surgery, the blood concentrations of AST, ALT, cardiac troponin I, and creatinin were all greatly increased (P < 0.05), the blood concentrations of Hb, Hct, platelet were all decreased apparently after surgery 1 day (P < 0.05). The prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were all prolonged (P < 0.05). But after surgery one week, those indicators had rebounded to the normal range. ConclusionThe application of dilute autotransfusion in liver surgery for patients with hepatic hydatid disease is safe, feasible, and saving.
ObjectiveTo explore the effect of the surgery with laparoscope combined with choledochoscope on plateau hepatic hydatid biliary fistulas. MethodsA total of 100 patients with liver hydatid disease diagnosed between January 2012 and June 2013 were divided into two groups according to the admitting time:laparoscope combined with choledochoscope group (combined group) and laparoscope group, with 50 patients in each group. The therapeutic results of the two groups were compared. ResultsA total of 186 biliary fistulas were found in the combined group during the operation, and there were 5 patients with biliary fistulas after the surgery; while 87 biliary fistulas were found in laparoscope group during the operation and there were 16 patients with biliary fistulas after the surgery. The difference in the occurrence rate of biliary fistulas after surgery between the two groups was significant (χ2=7.294, P=0.007). No infection of incisional wound was found in combined group but 5 infection was found in laparoscope group. The postoperative extubation time in the combined group and laparoscope group was (10.35±3.87) and (27.16±4.58) days, respectively, with a significant difference (t=12.538, P<0.001). ConclusionThe laparoscope combined with choledochoscope is a minimally invasive and safe therapeutic option for plateau hepatic hydatid biliary fistulas.
We comprehensively outlined the application of imaging, immunology, and molecular biology techniques in the detection of hepatic echinococcosis (HE). Imaging techniques, represented by ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography, not only provided some critical information about the morphology, location, and characteristics of HE lesions, but also could be combined with artificial intelligence technologies to enhance the diagnostic capabilities and expand the application scenarios. These techniques were essential tools for the diagnosis, screening, and prevention of HE. Immunological techniques, such as the indirect hemagglutination assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, and chemiluminescence immunoassay, aided in diagnosis and differential diagnosis by detecting the specific antibodies. Molecular biology techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing, provided a strong support for the diagnosis and pathogen identification of HE due to their high sensitivity and specificity. Based on these three major technologies, more sensitive, specific, convenient, and cost-effective detection techniques had emerged, offering more options for the detection and control of HE. Additionally, constructing comprehensive diagnostic models by combining the advantages of different detection technologies will aid to improve the diagnostic efficiency of HE.