Obesity is a prevalent metabolic disorder,which seriously affects human health and has become the world's public health problem. Kinase S6K1, an important downstream effector of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), influences specific pathological responses, including obesity, type 2 diabetes and cancer. Presently, S6K1 has become an attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of these disorders. Here, the functions of kinase S6K1, its molecular regulation mechanisms, related pathogenesis of disease and relevant small molecular inhibitors are reviewed. Finally, the prospect of research toward S6K1 is expected as well.
ObjectiveTo summarize the relationship between exosomes and the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal cancer.MethodsThrough online database, we collected the literatures about the relationship between exosomes and the development of gastrointestinal cancer at home and abroad, and then made an review.ResultsExosomes secreted by gastrointestinal cancer cells were related to tumorigenesis, tumor cell survival, chemoresistance, and early metastasis. Exosomes could play the role of information transmission, and regulation of cell physiology and pathological process in the development of gastrointestinal cancer through a variety of intercellular binding ways, and affectted the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal cancer via epigenetic regulation and tumor related signal transduction mechanism. They had been proved to be biomarkers, targets, and drug carriers for the treatment of gastrointestinalcancer.ConclusionIt is a new way to explore the molecular mechanism of exosomes in the development of gastrointestinal cancer.
ObjectiveAlthough evidence links idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and diabetes mellitus (DM), the exact underlying common mechanism of its occurrence is unclear. This study aims to explore further the molecular mechanism between these two diseases. MethodsThe microarray data of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and diabetes mellitus in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were downloaded. Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify co-expression genes related to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and diabetes mellitus. Subsequently, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis and three public databases were employed to analyze and screen the gene targets related to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and diabetes mellitus. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed by Metascape. In addition, common microRNAs (miRNAs), common in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and diabetes mellitus, were obtained from the Human microRNA Disease Database (HMDD), and their target genes were predicted by miRTarbase. Finally, we constructed a common miRNAs-mRNAs network by using the overlapping genes of the target gene and the shared gene. ResultsThe results of common gene analysis suggested that remodeling of the extracellular matrix might be a key factor in the interconnection of DM and IPF. Finally, hub genes (MMP1, IL1R1, SPP1) were further screened. miRNA-gene network suggested that has-let-19a-3p may play a key role in the common molecular mechanism between IPF and DM. ConclusionsThis study provides new insights into the potential pathogenic mechanisms between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and diabetes mellitus. These common pathways and hub genes may provide new ideas for further experimental studies.
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a pluripotent lipid mediator and acts via different G-protein-couple LPA receptors. LPA has significant effects on several cellular biological behaviours, such as cell migration, invasion, proliferation and differentiation, etc. Cell migration is essential for tumor progression, and vital for stem cell to repair injured tissues. Increasing evidences have demonstrated that LPA dramatically affects migration capacity of various cells, particularly cancer cells and stem cells. In this paper, we review the effect of LPA on migration of cancer cells and stem cells, and discuss the underlying mechanisms. A better understanding of this process will shed new light on tissue regeneration and the prevention of tumor progression.
Intervertebral disc degeneration is a multifactorial pathological process which is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. The main pathological changes of intervertebral disc degeneration are the degradation of extracellular matrix, apoptosis, autophagy, senescence and inflammation. Dysregulation of microRNAs has been implicated in various pathologies, including various degenerative diseases such as disc degeneration. This article reviews the research status of microRNA in degenerative disc pathology, with emphasis on the biological mechanisms and potential therapeutic prospects of microRNA in extracellular matrix degradation, apoptosis, inflammation, and cartilage endplate degeneration.
Endogenous adult neural stem cells are closely related to the normal physiological functions of the brain and many neurodegenerative diseases. Neurons are affected by factors such as extracellular microenvironment and intracellular signaling. In recent years, some specific signaling pathways have been found that affect the occurrence of neural stem cells in adult neural networks, including proliferation, differentiation, maturation, migration, and integration with host functions. In this paper, we summarize the signals and their molecular mechanisms, including the related signaling pathways, neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, intracellular transcription factors and epigenetic regulation of neuronal differentiation from both the extracellular and intracellular aspects, providing basic theoretical support for the treatment of central nervous system diseases through neural stem cells approach.
China is one of the countries in the world with the highest rate of esophageal cancer. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and treatment of esophageal cancer are critical for improving patients’ prognosis and survival. Machine learning technology has become widely used in cancer, which is benefited from the accumulation of medical images and advancement of artificial intelligence technology. Therefore, the learning model, image type, data type and application efficiency of current machine learning technology in esophageal cancer are summarized in this review. The major challenges are identified, and solutions are proposed in medical image machine learning for esophageal cancer. Machine learning's potential future directions in esophageal cancer diagnosis and treatment are discussed, with a focus on the possibility of establishing a link between medical images and molecular mechanisms. The general rules of machine learning application in the medical field are summarized and forecasted on this foundation. By drawing on the advanced achievements of machine learning in other cancers and focusing on interdisciplinary cooperation, esophageal cancer research will be effectively promoted.
Varicocele (VC) is one of the common diseases of the male genitourinary system, and its incidence is higher in young adults. Among them, 80%-98% of VC are more likely to occur in the left spermatic vein. Previous research has found that VC could affect the temperature of the local microenvironment of the testis, oxidative stress process in the spermatogenic environment, mitochondrial function of sperm, endocrine system, and apoptosis of testes and epididymal cells. Therefore, VC will have an important impact on spermatogenic process of the testicles to cause male infertility. However, the specific molecular mechanism of VC affecting male spermatogenesis has not been fully studied. Therefore, this article will review the effect and mechanism of VC on testicular spermatogenesis.
[Abstract]Bone metastasis is one of the common complications of lung cancer, which seriously affects the quality of life and survival of patients. At present, the clinical diagnosis of bone metastasis of lung cancer mainly depends on imaging methods, but due to its lack of sensitivity and potential radiation risk, about half of patients have already had bone-related events when they are diagnosed clearly. The treatment of bone metastasis of lung cancer mainly depends on surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunosuppressants, etc. Although the treatment of bone metastasis of lung cancer has made some progress in recent years, there are still some problems such as high risk of other distant metastasis. This article mainly reviews the pathogenesis, diagnostic biomarkers and treatment progress of bone metastasis of lung cancer, in order to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of bone metastasis of lung cancer.
Psilocybin is a hallucinogenic indole alkaloid derived from mushrooms, which is metabolized into psilocin in vivo and exerts biological effects. Clinical studies have shown that psilocybin has the effect of relieving anxiety and depression in cancer patients. Due to its fast onset, significant therapeutic effect, and low addictive nature, psilocybin has the potential to break through the bottleneck of slow action and poor efficacy of existing depression drugs, bringing new hope for the treatment of severe depression and refractory depression. This article will review the pharmacokinetics, antidepressant mechanisms, and research progress of psilocybin, providing a reference for subsequent research.