Objective To simulate anterosuperior instabil ity of the shoulder by a combination of massive irreparable rotator cuff tears and coracoacromial arch disruption in cadaveric specimens, use proximally based conjoined tendon transfer forcoracoacromial l igament (CAL) reconstruction to restrain against superior humeral subluxation, and investigate its feasibility and biomechanics property. Methods Nine donated male-adult and fresh-frozen cadaveric glenohumeral joints were applied to mimic a massive irreparable rotator cuff tear in each shoulder. The integrity of the rotator cuff tendons and morphology of the CAL were visually inspected in the course of specimen preparation. Cal ipers were used to measure the length of the CAL’s length of the medial and the lateral bands, the width of coracoid process and the acromion attachment, and the thickness in the middle, as well as the length, width and thickness of the conjoined tendon and the lateral half of the removed conjoined tendon. The glenohumeral joints were positioned in a combination of 30° extension, 0° abduction and 30° external rotation. The value of anterosuperior humeral head translation was measured after the appl ication of a 50 N axial compressive load to the humeral shaft under 4 sequential scenarios: intact CAL, subperiosteal CAL release, CAL anatomic reattachment, entire CAL excision after lateral half of the proximally based conjoined tendon transfer for CAL reconstruction. Results All specimens had an intact rotator cuff on gross inspection. CAL morphology revealed 1 Y-shaped, 4 quadrangular, and 4 broad l igaments. The length of the medial and lateral bands of the CAL was (28.91 ± 5.56) mm and (31.90 ± 4.21) mm, respectively; the width of coracoid process and acromion attachment of the CAL was (26.80 ± 10.24) mm and (15.86 ± 2.28) mm, respectively; and the thickness of middle part of the CAL was (1.61 ± 0.36) mm. The length, width, and thickness of the proximal part of the proximally based conjoined tendon was (84.91 ± 9.42), (19.74 ± 1.77), and (2.09 ± 0.45) mm, respectively. The length and width of the removed lateral half of the proximally conjoined tendon was (42.67 ± 3.10) mm and (9.89 ± 0.93) mm, respectively. The anterosuperior humeral head translation was intact CAL (8.13 ± 1.99) mm, subperiosteal CAL release (9.68 ± 1.97) mm, CAL anatomic reattachment (8.57 ± 1.97) mm, and the lateral half of the proximally conjoined tendon transfer for CAL reconstruction (8.59 ± 2.06) mm. A significant increase in anterosuperior migration was found after subperiosteal CAL release was compared with intact CAL (P lt; 0.05). The translation after CAL anatomic reattachment and lateral half of the proximally conjoined tendon transfer for CAL reconstruction increased over intact CAL, though no significance was found (P gt; 0.05); when they were compared with subperiosteal CAL release, the migration decreased significantly (P lt; 0.05). The translation of lateral half of the proximally conjoined tendon transfer for CAL reconstruction increased over CAL anatomic reattachment, but no significance was evident (P gt; 0.05). Conclusion The CAL should be preserved or reconstructed as far as possible during subacromial decompression, rotator cuff tears repair, and hemiarthroplasty for patients with massive rotator cuff deficiency. If preservation or the insertion reattachment after subperiosteal release from acromion of the CAL of the CAL is impossible, or CAL is entirely resected becauseof previous operation, the use of the lateral half of the proximally based conjoined tendon transfer for CAL reconstruction isfeasible.
Objective To review present situation and progress in cl inically treating floating shoulder injury. Methods Recent l iterature concerned treatment of floating shoulder injury was reviewed and analyzed in terms of anatomy, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Results Conservative treatment and operative treatment can get good outcome. But the value of the results was l imited, because different evaluation criteria were used in the l iterature. Conclusion There is no uniform standards about the treatment of the floating shoulder injury. Both conservative treatment and operative treatment have advantages and disadvantages, which method will be used to treat the floating shoulder injury based on local damage and the patient’s general condition.
ObjectiveTo investigate the development and clinical application of the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. MethodsThe relative publications on reverse total shoulder arthroplasties were extensively reviewed and analyzed. ResultsReverse total shoulder arthroplasty has extensive indications, especially for pseudoparalysis caused by irrepairable rotator cuff tears with forward or upper shift of the humeral head and intact function of deltoid. The clinical research results indicate that the short-term results are satisfactory, but there are some special complications, such as scapular nothching, instability and limities of internal and external rotation. While performing this kind of operation, the selection of the approach, the determination of the prosthetic rotation center should be considered well, and the bone graft should be paid attention to when the bony defect of the glenoid and proximal humerus exists. ConclusionThe using time of the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is short, so the long-term results should be observed. The development of computer assisted technique is hopeful to be improve the results of the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.
Objective To review the development and research progress of suture button fixation Latarjet procedure. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted to summarize the development and related modified techniques of the suture button fixation Latarjet procedure. Results Since the Latarjet procedure was first introduced by French scholar Latarjet in 1954, it has undergone three key transformations, resulting in suture button fixation Latarjet procedure, which has shown satisfactory outcomes in treatment of recurrent shoulder dislocation. However, there are still drawbacks such as the risk of impingement of the graft on surrounding tissues, and the surgical disruption of anatomical structures like the coracoclavicular ligament and the pectoralis minor muscle. The scholars have proposed several modified techniques based on the suture button fixation Latarjet procedure to further reduce complications from impingement of the graft, to lower the glenohumeral contact pressure, and to eliminate the impact of surgery on the physiological structures of the shoulder joint. The modified techniques include the arthroscopic suture button fixation Latarjet procedure using FiberTape Cerclage, reconstruction of the coracoacromial ligament during congruent-arc Latarjet procedures, and limit unique coracoid osteotomy suture button Latarjet procedure (LU-tarjet procedure). These modified techniques have also shown good clinical outcomes. Additionally, other related modified techniques for reconstruction of the glenoid, such as Chinese unique Inlay Bristow procedure (Cuistow procedure), arthroscopic glenoid bone grafting with soft fixation, and all-arthroscopic modified Eden-Hybinette procedure, have also demonstrated favorable efficacy. However, there is still a lack of long-term follow-up results for these techniques and comparative studies between them. Conclusion Suture button fixation Latarjet procedure is an effective method for the treatment of recurrent shoulder dislocation. There are various techniques, but there is no recognized gold standard, and further clinical and basic research is needed.
ObjectiveTo evaluate three commonly used internal fixations for general floating shoulder injury by biomechanical testing, in order to provide biomechanics basis for surgical choices. MethodsThe superior shoulder suspensory complex (SSSC) was anatomized from 7 cases of antisepsis cadaveric specimens including collarbone and scapula. In the man-made damage models, 4 statuses including prefixation, pure acromioclavicular joint fixation, acromioclavicular joint fixation with scapula neck single plate fixation, and acromioclavicular joint fixation with scapula neck double plate fixation were tested to measure the range of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) of scapula neck under different statuses by spinal motion analysis system, and stabilizing function of different fixations for instable SSSC were compared. ResultsThe biomechanical testing showed that the NZs of acromioclavicular joint fixation with scapula neck double plate fixation were respectively flexion-extension (3.88±1.71)°, lateral-bending (1.89±0.21)°, and axial-torque (3.13±1.37)°, and the ROMs were respectively flexion-extension (12.91±4.82)°, lateral-bending (18.44±4.43)°, and axial-torque (11.27±4.41)°, which decreased more evidently than other fixation groups (P<0.05). ConclusionAcromioclavicular joint fixation with scapula neck double plate fixation is the best treatment for floating shoulder injury, which can restore the stability of the shoulder effectively.
Objective To assess the effectiveness of suture button fixation Latarjet procedure under total arthroscopy for anterior shoulder instability with severe bone defects. MethodsThe clinical data of 15 patients with severe bone defects and anterior shoulder instability treated with suture button fixation Latarjet procedure under total arthroscopy between June 2020 and February 2023 was retrospectively analyzed, including 11 males and 4 females, with an average age of 31.1 years (range, 20-54 years). Three-dimensional CT showed that the average glenoid bone defect was 24.4% (range, 16.3%-35.2%). The average number of shoulder dislocation was 4.2 times (range, 3-8 times). The disease duration ranged from 6 to 21 months with an average of 10.6 months. The operation time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded. The pain relief was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and the functional recovery of shoulder joint was evaluated by Rowe score, Walch-Duplay score, and American Association for Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (ASES) score before and after operation. The range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint was assessed, including active flexion, lateral external rotation, abduction 90° external rotation, and internal rotation. Three-dimensional CT was performed at 6 months after operation and at last follow-up to observe the absorption of bone graft, the position of bone graft and glenoid, and the healing of bone graft. Results The operation was successfully completed in all patients. The operation time was 85-195 minutes, with an average of 123.0 minutes. The intraoperative blood loss was 20-75 mL, with an average of 26.5 mL. All patients were followed up 13-32 months, with an average of 18.7 months. During the follow-up, there was no serious complication such as shoulder joint infection, joint stiffness, or vascular and nerve injury. One patient had partial absorption of the transplanted bone and bone nonunion at 3 months after operation, but the pain of the shoulder joint relieved at last follow-up, and no redislocation of the shoulder joint occurred; no obvious bone fracture or dislocation of the shoulder joint was found in the other patients. Bone union was achieved at 6 months during follow-up. At last follow-up, the VAS score, Rowe score, Walch-Duplay score, and ASES score significantly improved when compared with those before operation (P<0.05), while the ROM of active flexion, lateral external rotation, abduction 90° external rotation, and internal rotation of the shoulder joint was not significantly different from those before operation (P>0.05).ConclusionSuture button fixation Latarjet procedure under total arthroscopy can improve shoulder joint function in patients with severe anterior shoulder instability caused by bone defects, and imaging also indicates satisfactory placement of transplanted bone blocks.
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of different site injection of compound betamethasone injection, ropivacaine and sodium hyaluronate for treatment of frozen shoulder at early stage. Methods A Total of 68 participants were included from May 2015 to May 2017 and randomly assigned to the glenohumeral joint and subacromial space group (IA+SA group, n=34) and glenohumeral joint group (IA group, n=34). In the IA+SA group, a solution of 1 mL corticosteroid, 6 mL ropivacaine, 2 mL sodium hyaluronate, and 8 mL normal saline were prepared and injected to glenohumeral joint, and a solution of 1 mL corticosteroid, 2 mL ropivacaine, 2 mL sodium hyaluronate, and 2 mL normal saline were injected to subacromial space. In the IA group, participants were given the same dose of drugs to the glenohumeral joint. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score and Constant-Murley score were used to assess pain and function of shoulder respectively. The change of VAS score and Constant-Murley score after treatment were used to evaluate pain relief and shoulder function improvement. Results Of the 68 participants, two in each group were lost to follow up and one in the IA+SA group dropped out. There was significant effect on pain relief and shoulder function improvement on all measurement in both groups (P<0.001) during the 12 weeks after treatment. In the IA group, group- by-time interaction were significant for pain relief at 6 and 12 weeks comparing with that at 3 weeks (P<0.001), while no significant difference at 6 weeks comparing with 12 weeks. In the IA+SA group, group-by-time interaction were significant for pain relief at all endpoints (3 weeksvs. 6 weeks: P<0.001; 3 weeksvs. 12 weeks: P<0.001; 3 weeksvs. 6 weeks: P=0.034). In both groups, there was significant effect on shoulder function improvement when compared at each endpoint within group (P<0.001). Between-group comparison revealed no significant effect on pain relief (P=0.386) or shoulder function improvement (P=0.685). There was also no significant effect on pain relief (3 weeks: P=0.898; 6 weeks: P=0.448; 12 weeks: P=0.216) and shoulder function improvement (3 weeks: P=0.120; 6 weeks: P=0.152; 12 weeks: P=0.868) at each same endpoint. Conclusions Different site injection can effectively release pain and improve shoulder function for the patients with frozen shoulder at early stage and be well tolerated. However, it is not found that two site injection is inferior to single site injection.
ObjectiveTo review the research progress of treatment for massive rotator cuff tears. MethodsThe domestic and foreign literature about the treatment of massive rotator cuff tears was reviewed. The methods and effectiveness were extensively summarized.ResultsThe treatment of massive rotator cuff tears still needs long-term research to promote its continuous improvement. The main goal of treatment is to relieve the symptoms and improve the shoulder joint function. With the development of arthroscopic technique, arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears has become a mature surgical protocol. Among these techniques, superior capsule reconstruction and patch augmentation for massive rotator cuff tears acquire more attention in recent years. As for rotator cuff arthropathy, reverse shoulder arthroplasty is considered to be a final choice. ConclusionSurgical treatment is the main choice for massive rotator cuff tears. Patients’ age and muscle condition should be taken into consideration to decide the surgical technique.
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of intraoperative tranexamic acid use in total shoulder arthroplasty. Methods By searching Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Chongqing VIP, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database from the establishment of the database to September 2021, randomized controlled trials of intraoperative tranexamic acid use in total shoulder arthroplasty were collected. Outcome indicators were total blood loss, postoperative drainage, hemoglobin reduction, length of operation, length of hospital stay, and formation of hematoma. RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis. Results Meta analysis results showed that the use of tranexamic acid can reduce total blood loss [weighted mean difference = −246.55 mL, 95% confidence interval (−335.36, −157.75) mL, P<0.000 01], reduce postoperative drainage [weighted mean difference = −134.05 mL, 95% confidence interval (−161.72, −106.38) mL, P<0.000 01], reduce hemoglobin reduction [weighted mean difference = −0.64 g/dL, 95% confidence interval (−0.91, −0.36) g/dL, P< 0.000 01], reduce hematoma formation [risk ratio=0.41, 95% confidence interval (0.22, 0.77), P=0.005]. There was no statistically significant difference in the length of operation and length of hospitalization between patients who used tranexamic acid and those who did not use tranexamic acid (P>0.05). Conclusions Tranexamic acid is effective and safe for patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty. It can reduce perioperative bleeding and hematoma formation without increasing the length of surgery and hospitalization.
ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between glenohumeral joint congruence and stability in recurrent shoulder dislocations. Methods Eighty-nine patients (89 sides) with recurrent shoulder dislocation admitted between June 2022 and June 2023 and met the selection criteria were included as study subjects. There were 36 males and 53 females with an average age of 44 years (range, 20-79 years). There were 40 cases of left shoulder and 49 cases of right shoulder. The shoulder joints dislocated 2-6 times, with an average of 3 times. The three-dimensional models of the humeral head and scapular glenoid were reconstructed using Mimics 20.0 software based on CT scanning images. The glenoid track (GT), inclusion index, chimerism index, fit index, and Hill-Sachs interval (HSI) were measured, and the degree of on/off track was judged (K value, the difference between HSI and GT). Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between the degree of on/off track (K value) and inclusion index, chimerism index, and fit index. ResultsMultiple linear regression analysis showed that the K value had no correlation with the inclusion index (P>0.05), and was positively correlated with the chimerism index and the fit index (P<0.05). Regression equation was K=–24.898+35.982×inclusion index+8.280×fit index, R2=0.084. ConclusionHumeral head and scapular glenoid bony area and curvature are associated with shoulder joint stability in recurrent shoulder dislocations. Increased humeral head bony area, decreased scapular glenoid bony area, increased humeral head curvature, and decreased scapular glenoid curvature are risk factors for glenohumeral joint stability.