老年社区获得性肺炎治疗及预防研究进展_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

HE Binchan ^1,2 , LU Yajie ¹ , CAI Yuchen ³ , SUN Chao ³ , ZHONG Jinjin ³ ,  SU Xin ¹

1. ;
2. ;
3. ;

Corresponding author：

SU Xin, Email: suxinjs@163.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202412103

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Citation： HE Binchan, LU Yajie, CAI Yuchen, SUN Chao, ZHONG Jinjin, SU Xin. 老年社区获得性肺炎治疗及预防研究进展. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2025, 24(8): 591-596. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202412103 Copy

1.	Sun Y, Li H, Pei Z, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in urban China: a national population-based study. Vaccine, 2020, 38(52): 8362-8370.
2.	Sanz F, Morales-Suárez-Varela M, Fernández E, et al. A composite of functional status and pneumonia severity index improves the prediction of pneumonia mortality in older patients. J Gen Intern Med, 2018, 33(4): 437-444.
3.	刘春艳,姜春燕,李虹伟,等. 北京市某三甲医院老年社区获得性肺炎住院患者诊治现况调查. 中华老年多器官疾病杂志, 2022, 21(1): 15-19.
4.	Liu YN, Zhang YF, Xu Q, et al. Infection and co-infection patterns of community-acquired pneumonia in patients of different ages in China from 2009 to 2020: a national surveillance study. Lancet Microbe, 2023, 4(5): e330-e339.
5.	Liu Y, Chen M, Zhao T, et al. Causative agent distribution and antibiotic therapy assessment among adult patients with community acquired pneumonia in Chinese urban population. BMC Infect Dis, 2009, 9: 31.
6.	中华医学会急诊医学分会, 中国老年社区获得性肺炎急诊诊疗专家共识组. 中国老年社区获得性肺炎急诊诊疗专家共识. 中华急诊医学杂志 2023, 10(32): 1319-1327.
7.	Cillóniz C, Rodríguez-Hurtado D, Torres A. Characteristics and management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of global aging. Med Sci (Basel), 2018, 6(2): 35-51.
8.	Han X, Zhou F, Li H, et al. Effects of age, comorbidity and adherence to current antimicrobial guidelines on mortality in hospitalized elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis, 2018, 18(1): 192-212.
9.	注射用头孢比罗酯钠说明书. Basilea Pharmaceutica Deutschland.
10.	BAXDELA (delafloxacin) tablets, for oral use and BAXDELA (delafloxacin) for injection, for intravenous use. Melinta Therapeutics. 2019.
11.	甲苯磺酸奥马环素片(纽再乐)中文说明书. 再鼎医药.
12.	醋酸来法莫林注射用浓溶液说明书. Nabriva Therapeutics.
13.	醋酸来法莫林片说明书. Nabriva Therapeutics.
14.	Nicholson SC, Welte T, File TM, Jr. , et al. A randomised, double-blind trial comparing ceftobiprole medocaril with ceftriaxone with or without linezolid for the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalisation. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2012, 39(3): 240-246.
15.	Horcajada JP, Salata RA, Álvarez-Sala R, et al. A phase 3 study to compare delafloxacin with moxifloxacin for the treatment of adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (DEFINE-CABP). Open Forum Infect Dis, 2020, 7(1): ofz514.
16.	Stets R, Popescu M, Gonong JR, et al. Omadacycline for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(6): 517-527.
17.	Covvey JR, Guarascio AJ. Clinical use of lefamulin: a first-in-class semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic. J Intern Med, 2022, 291(1): 51-63.
18.	File TM, Jr. , Alexander E, Goldberg L, et al. Lefamulin efficacy and safety in a pooled phase 3 clinical trial population with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and common clinical comorbidities. BMC Pulm Med, 2021, 21(1): 154.
19.	Alexander E, Goldberg L, Meads A, et al. Lefamulin efficacy and safety in adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: pooled analysis of the lefamulin evaluation against pneumonia (LEAP) 1 and LEAP 2 trials by age group, including in patients aged ≥85 Years. Chest, 2020, 158(7): A317-A318.
20.	Hsu WH, Hsu CK, Lai CC. Ceftobiprole medocaril for the treatment of pneumonia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2023, 21(6): 551-563.
21.	Scheeren TWL, Welte T, Saulay M, et al. Early improvement in severely ill patients with pneumonia treated with ceftobiprole: a retrospective analysis of two major trials. BMC Infect Dis, 2019, 19(1): 195-206.
22.	Nascimento-Carvalho CM. Delafloxacin as a treatment option for community-acquired pneumonia infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2021, 22(15): 1975-1982.
23.	Wicha WW, Strickmann DB, Paukner S. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of lefamulin in a neutropenic murine pneumonia model with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2019, 74(Suppl 3): iii11-iii18.
24.	Tang HJ, Lai CC, Chao CM. The clinical efficacy of lefamulin in the treatment of elderly patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. J Thorac Dis, 2020, 12(8): 4588-4590.
25.	Alexander E, Goldberg L, Das AF, et al. Oral lefamulin vs moxifloxacin for early clinical response among adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: the LEAP 2 randomized clinical trial. Jama, 2019, 322(17): 1661-1671.
26.	File TM, Jr. , Ramirez JA. Community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med, 2023, 389(7): 632-641.
27.	中国老年医学学会呼吸病学分会. 老年肺炎临床诊断与治疗专家共识(2024年版). 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2025, 48(1): 18-34.
28.	Rodvold KA, Bader J, Bruss JB, et al. Pharmacokinetics of SPR206 in plasma, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid, and alveolar macrophages following intravenous administration to healthy adult subject. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7): e0042623.
29.	Bruss J, Lister T, Gupta VK, et al. Single- and multiple-ascending-dose study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the polymyxin derivative SPR206. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2021, 65(10): e0073921.
30.	Zhang Y, Zhao C, Wang Q, et al. Evaluation of the in vitro activity of new polymyxin B analogue SPR206 against clinical MDR, colistin-resistant and tigecycline-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2020, 75(9): 2609-2615.
31.	Roberts KD, Zhu Y, Azad MaK, et al. A synthetic lipopeptide targeting top-priority multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 1625.
32.	Zampaloni C, Mattei P, Bleicher K, et al. A novel antibiotic class targeting the lipopolysaccharide transporter. Nature, 2024, 625(7995): 566-571.
33.	Que W, Deng Z, Gao J. Clinical crusade: zosurabalpin's charge against antibiotic resistance. Trends Mol Med, 2024, 30(5): 420-422.
34.	Guenther A, Millar L, Messer A, et al. 2126. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) in healthy participants following single dose administration of zosurabalpin, a novel pathogen-specific antibiotic for the treatment of serious Acinetobacter infections. in Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2023, 10(Supplement_2): ofad500.
35.	Jung CJ, Liao YD, Hsu CC, et al. Identification of potential therapeutic antimicrobial peptides against Acinetobacter baumannii in a mouse model of pneumonia. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 7318.
36.	Martin-Loeches I, Dale GE, Torres A. Murepavadin: a new antibiotic class in the pipeline. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2018, 16(4): 259-268.
37.	Sader HS, Flamm RK, Dale GE, et al. Murepavadin activity tested against contemporary (2016-17) clinical isolates of XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2018, 73(9): 2400-2404.
38.	Sader HS, Dale GE, Rhomberg PR, et al. Antimicrobial activity of murepavadin tested against clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa from the United States, Europe, and China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2018, 62(7): e00311-18.
39.	Melchers MJ, Teague J, Warn P, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of murepavadin in neutropenic mouse models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2019, 63(3): e01699-18.
40.	Wei X, Gao J, Xu C, et al. Murepavadin induces envelope stress response and enhances the killing efficacies of β-lactam antibiotics by impairing the outer membrane integrity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Spectr, 2023, 11(5): e0125723.
41.	Wei X, Gao J, Zhou D, et al. Murepavadin promotes the killing efficacies of aminoglycoside antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by enhancing membrane potential. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2024, 68(4): e0153923.
42.	Theuretzbacher U, Outterson K, Engel A, et al. The global preclinical antibacterial pipeline. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2020, 18(5): 275-285.
43.	Spexis reports solid safety and pharmacokinetics results from first-in-human study with inhaled murepavadin, a novel macrocycle compound. Available from: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/01/09/2584785/0/en/Spexis-reports-solid-safety-and-pharmacokinetics-results-from-first-in-human-study-with-inhaled-murepavadin-a-novel-macrocycle-compound.html.
44.	Torres MDT, Brooks EF, Cesaro A, et al. Mining human microbiomes reveals an untapped source of peptide antibiotics. Cell, 2024, 187(19): 5453-5467.
45.	Azeredo Da Silveira S, Shorr AF. Critical parameters for the development of novel therapies for severe and resistant infections-a case study on CAL02, a non-traditional broad-spectrum anti-virulence drug. Antibiotics (Basel), 2020, 9(2): 94-106.
46.	Laterre PF, Colin G, Dequin PF, et al. CAL02, a novel antitoxin liposomal agent, in severe pneumococcal pneumonia: a first-in-human, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis, 2019, 19(6): 620-630.
47.	De La Torre MC, Torán P, Serra-Prat M, et al. Serum levels of immunoglobulins and severity of community-acquired pneumonia. BMJ Open Respir Res, 2016, 3(1): e000152.
48.	Duerr C, Bacher A, De Martin A, et al. The novel polyclonal Ab preparation trimodulin attenuates ex vivo endotoxin-induced immune reactions in early hyperinflammation. Innate Immun, 2019, 25(6): 374-388.
49.	Welte T, Dellinger RP, Ebelt H, et al. Efficacy and safety of trimodulin, a novel polyclonal antibody preparation, in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter, phase II trial (CIGMA study). Intensive Care Med, 2018, 44(4): 438-448.
50.	Singer M, Torres A, Heinz CC, et al. The immunomodulating activity of trimodulin (polyvalent IgM, IgA, IgG solution): a post hoc analysis of the phase II CIGMA trial. Crit Care, 2023, 27(1): 436-449.
51.	Sisakhtpour B, Mirzaei A, Karbasizadeh V, et al. The characteristic and potential therapeutic effect of isolated multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii lytic phage. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob, 2022, 21(1): 1.
52.	Uyttebroek S, Chen B, Onsea J, et al. Safety and efficacy of phage therapy in difficult-to-treat infections: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis, 2022, 22(8): e208-e220.
53.	Curran D, Matthews S, Cabrera ES, et al. The respiratory syncytial virus prefusion F protein vaccine attenuates the severity of respiratory syncytial virus-associated disease in breakthrough infections in adults ≥60 years of age. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 2024, 18(2): e13236.
54.	Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 200(7): e45-e67.
55.	Rothberg MB. Community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med, 2022, 175(4): Itc49-itc64.
56.	Aliberti S, Dela Cruz CS, Amati F, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet, 2021, 398(10303): 906-919.
57.	Jang JG, Ahn JH. Reasons and risk factors for readmission following hospitalization for community-acquired Pneumonia in South Korea. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul), 2020, 83(2): 147-156.
58.	Yamaguchi K, Miyagami T, Imada R, et al. Effect of poor oral health status at hospital admission on in-hospital outcomes of older patients with aspiration pneumonia. Eur Geriatr Med, 2024, 15(2): 489-496.
59.	Chen YC, Ku EN, Lin CW, et al. Tongue pressure during swallowing is an independent risk factor for aspiration pneumonia in middle-aged and older hospitalized patients: an observational study. Geriatr Gerontol Int, 2024, 24(Suppl 1):351-357.
60.	Naruishi K, Nishikawa Y, Kido JI, et al. Relationship of aspiration pneumonia to cognitive impairment and oral condition: a cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Investig, 2018, 22(7): 2575-2580.
61.	Zhou F, Wang Y, Liu Y, et al. Disease severity and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia caused by non-influenza respiratory viruses in adults: a multicentre prospective registry study from the CAP-China Network. Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(2): 1802406.
62.	Surie D, Yuengling KA, Decuir J, et al. Disease severity of respiratory syncytial virus compared with COVID-19 and influenza among hospitalized adults aged ≥60 Years - IVY Network, 20 U. S. States, February 2022-May 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2023, 72(40): 1083-1088.
63.	Begley KM, Monto AS, Lamerato LE, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcomes of respiratory syncytial virus vs influenza in adults hospitalized with acute respiratory illness from a prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis, 2023, 76(11): 1980-1988.
64.	See KC. Vaccination for respiratory syncytial virus: a narrative review and primer for clinicians. Vaccines (Basel), 2023, 11(12): 1809-1830.
65.	Papi A, Ison MG, Langley JM, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus prefusion F protein vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med, 2023, 388(7): 595-608.
66.	Walsh EE, Pérez Marc G, Zareba AM, et al. Efficacy and safety of a bivalent RSV prefusion F vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med, 2023, 388(16): 1465-1477.

1. Sun Y, Li H, Pei Z, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in urban China: a national population-based study. Vaccine, 2020, 38(52): 8362-8370.
2. Sanz F, Morales-Suárez-Varela M, Fernández E, et al. A composite of functional status and pneumonia severity index improves the prediction of pneumonia mortality in older patients. J Gen Intern Med, 2018, 33(4): 437-444.
3. 刘春艳,姜春燕,李虹伟,等. 北京市某三甲医院老年社区获得性肺炎住院患者诊治现况调查. 中华老年多器官疾病杂志, 2022, 21(1): 15-19.
4. Liu YN, Zhang YF, Xu Q, et al. Infection and co-infection patterns of community-acquired pneumonia in patients of different ages in China from 2009 to 2020: a national surveillance study. Lancet Microbe, 2023, 4(5): e330-e339.
5. Liu Y, Chen M, Zhao T, et al. Causative agent distribution and antibiotic therapy assessment among adult patients with community acquired pneumonia in Chinese urban population. BMC Infect Dis, 2009, 9: 31.
6. 中华医学会急诊医学分会, 中国老年社区获得性肺炎急诊诊疗专家共识组. 中国老年社区获得性肺炎急诊诊疗专家共识. 中华急诊医学杂志 2023, 10(32): 1319-1327.
7. Cillóniz C, Rodríguez-Hurtado D, Torres A. Characteristics and management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of global aging. Med Sci (Basel), 2018, 6(2): 35-51.
8. Han X, Zhou F, Li H, et al. Effects of age, comorbidity and adherence to current antimicrobial guidelines on mortality in hospitalized elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis, 2018, 18(1): 192-212.
9. 注射用头孢比罗酯钠说明书. Basilea Pharmaceutica Deutschland.
10. BAXDELA (delafloxacin) tablets, for oral use and BAXDELA (delafloxacin) for injection, for intravenous use. Melinta Therapeutics. 2019.
11. 甲苯磺酸奥马环素片(纽再乐)中文说明书. 再鼎医药.
12. 醋酸来法莫林注射用浓溶液说明书. Nabriva Therapeutics.
13. 醋酸来法莫林片说明书. Nabriva Therapeutics.
14. Nicholson SC, Welte T, File TM, Jr. , et al. A randomised, double-blind trial comparing ceftobiprole medocaril with ceftriaxone with or without linezolid for the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalisation. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2012, 39(3): 240-246.
15. Horcajada JP, Salata RA, Álvarez-Sala R, et al. A phase 3 study to compare delafloxacin with moxifloxacin for the treatment of adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (DEFINE-CABP). Open Forum Infect Dis, 2020, 7(1): ofz514.
16. Stets R, Popescu M, Gonong JR, et al. Omadacycline for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(6): 517-527.
17. Covvey JR, Guarascio AJ. Clinical use of lefamulin: a first-in-class semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic. J Intern Med, 2022, 291(1): 51-63.
18. File TM, Jr. , Alexander E, Goldberg L, et al. Lefamulin efficacy and safety in a pooled phase 3 clinical trial population with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and common clinical comorbidities. BMC Pulm Med, 2021, 21(1): 154.
19. Alexander E, Goldberg L, Meads A, et al. Lefamulin efficacy and safety in adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: pooled analysis of the lefamulin evaluation against pneumonia (LEAP) 1 and LEAP 2 trials by age group, including in patients aged ≥85 Years. Chest, 2020, 158(7): A317-A318.
20. Hsu WH, Hsu CK, Lai CC. Ceftobiprole medocaril for the treatment of pneumonia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2023, 21(6): 551-563.
21. Scheeren TWL, Welte T, Saulay M, et al. Early improvement in severely ill patients with pneumonia treated with ceftobiprole: a retrospective analysis of two major trials. BMC Infect Dis, 2019, 19(1): 195-206.
22. Nascimento-Carvalho CM. Delafloxacin as a treatment option for community-acquired pneumonia infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2021, 22(15): 1975-1982.
23. Wicha WW, Strickmann DB, Paukner S. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of lefamulin in a neutropenic murine pneumonia model with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2019, 74(Suppl 3): iii11-iii18.
24. Tang HJ, Lai CC, Chao CM. The clinical efficacy of lefamulin in the treatment of elderly patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. J Thorac Dis, 2020, 12(8): 4588-4590.
25. Alexander E, Goldberg L, Das AF, et al. Oral lefamulin vs moxifloxacin for early clinical response among adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: the LEAP 2 randomized clinical trial. Jama, 2019, 322(17): 1661-1671.
26. File TM, Jr. , Ramirez JA. Community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med, 2023, 389(7): 632-641.
27. 中国老年医学学会呼吸病学分会. 老年肺炎临床诊断与治疗专家共识(2024年版). 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2025, 48(1): 18-34.
28. Rodvold KA, Bader J, Bruss JB, et al. Pharmacokinetics of SPR206 in plasma, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid, and alveolar macrophages following intravenous administration to healthy adult subject. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7): e0042623.
29. Bruss J, Lister T, Gupta VK, et al. Single- and multiple-ascending-dose study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the polymyxin derivative SPR206. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2021, 65(10): e0073921.
30. Zhang Y, Zhao C, Wang Q, et al. Evaluation of the in vitro activity of new polymyxin B analogue SPR206 against clinical MDR, colistin-resistant and tigecycline-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2020, 75(9): 2609-2615.
31. Roberts KD, Zhu Y, Azad MaK, et al. A synthetic lipopeptide targeting top-priority multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 1625.
32. Zampaloni C, Mattei P, Bleicher K, et al. A novel antibiotic class targeting the lipopolysaccharide transporter. Nature, 2024, 625(7995): 566-571.
33. Que W, Deng Z, Gao J. Clinical crusade: zosurabalpin's charge against antibiotic resistance. Trends Mol Med, 2024, 30(5): 420-422.
34. Guenther A, Millar L, Messer A, et al. 2126. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) in healthy participants following single dose administration of zosurabalpin, a novel pathogen-specific antibiotic for the treatment of serious Acinetobacter infections. in Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2023, 10(Supplement_2): ofad500.
35. Jung CJ, Liao YD, Hsu CC, et al. Identification of potential therapeutic antimicrobial peptides against Acinetobacter baumannii in a mouse model of pneumonia. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 7318.
36. Martin-Loeches I, Dale GE, Torres A. Murepavadin: a new antibiotic class in the pipeline. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2018, 16(4): 259-268.
37. Sader HS, Flamm RK, Dale GE, et al. Murepavadin activity tested against contemporary (2016-17) clinical isolates of XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2018, 73(9): 2400-2404.
38. Sader HS, Dale GE, Rhomberg PR, et al. Antimicrobial activity of murepavadin tested against clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa from the United States, Europe, and China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2018, 62(7): e00311-18.
39. Melchers MJ, Teague J, Warn P, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of murepavadin in neutropenic mouse models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2019, 63(3): e01699-18.
40. Wei X, Gao J, Xu C, et al. Murepavadin induces envelope stress response and enhances the killing efficacies of β-lactam antibiotics by impairing the outer membrane integrity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Spectr, 2023, 11(5): e0125723.
41. Wei X, Gao J, Zhou D, et al. Murepavadin promotes the killing efficacies of aminoglycoside antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by enhancing membrane potential. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2024, 68(4): e0153923.
42. Theuretzbacher U, Outterson K, Engel A, et al. The global preclinical antibacterial pipeline. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2020, 18(5): 275-285.
43. Spexis reports solid safety and pharmacokinetics results from first-in-human study with inhaled murepavadin, a novel macrocycle compound. Available from: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/01/09/2584785/0/en/Spexis-reports-solid-safety-and-pharmacokinetics-results-from-first-in-human-study-with-inhaled-murepavadin-a-novel-macrocycle-compound.html.
44. Torres MDT, Brooks EF, Cesaro A, et al. Mining human microbiomes reveals an untapped source of peptide antibiotics. Cell, 2024, 187(19): 5453-5467.
45. Azeredo Da Silveira S, Shorr AF. Critical parameters for the development of novel therapies for severe and resistant infections-a case study on CAL02, a non-traditional broad-spectrum anti-virulence drug. Antibiotics (Basel), 2020, 9(2): 94-106.
46. Laterre PF, Colin G, Dequin PF, et al. CAL02, a novel antitoxin liposomal agent, in severe pneumococcal pneumonia: a first-in-human, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis, 2019, 19(6): 620-630.
47. De La Torre MC, Torán P, Serra-Prat M, et al. Serum levels of immunoglobulins and severity of community-acquired pneumonia. BMJ Open Respir Res, 2016, 3(1): e000152.
48. Duerr C, Bacher A, De Martin A, et al. The novel polyclonal Ab preparation trimodulin attenuates ex vivo endotoxin-induced immune reactions in early hyperinflammation. Innate Immun, 2019, 25(6): 374-388.
49. Welte T, Dellinger RP, Ebelt H, et al. Efficacy and safety of trimodulin, a novel polyclonal antibody preparation, in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter, phase II trial (CIGMA study). Intensive Care Med, 2018, 44(4): 438-448.
50. Singer M, Torres A, Heinz CC, et al. The immunomodulating activity of trimodulin (polyvalent IgM, IgA, IgG solution): a post hoc analysis of the phase II CIGMA trial. Crit Care, 2023, 27(1): 436-449.
51. Sisakhtpour B, Mirzaei A, Karbasizadeh V, et al. The characteristic and potential therapeutic effect of isolated multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii lytic phage. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob, 2022, 21(1): 1.
52. Uyttebroek S, Chen B, Onsea J, et al. Safety and efficacy of phage therapy in difficult-to-treat infections: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis, 2022, 22(8): e208-e220.
53. Curran D, Matthews S, Cabrera ES, et al. The respiratory syncytial virus prefusion F protein vaccine attenuates the severity of respiratory syncytial virus-associated disease in breakthrough infections in adults ≥60 years of age. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 2024, 18(2): e13236.
54. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 200(7): e45-e67.
55. Rothberg MB. Community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med, 2022, 175(4): Itc49-itc64.
56. Aliberti S, Dela Cruz CS, Amati F, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet, 2021, 398(10303): 906-919.
57. Jang JG, Ahn JH. Reasons and risk factors for readmission following hospitalization for community-acquired Pneumonia in South Korea. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul), 2020, 83(2): 147-156.
58. Yamaguchi K, Miyagami T, Imada R, et al. Effect of poor oral health status at hospital admission on in-hospital outcomes of older patients with aspiration pneumonia. Eur Geriatr Med, 2024, 15(2): 489-496.
59. Chen YC, Ku EN, Lin CW, et al. Tongue pressure during swallowing is an independent risk factor for aspiration pneumonia in middle-aged and older hospitalized patients: an observational study. Geriatr Gerontol Int, 2024, 24(Suppl 1):351-357.
60. Naruishi K, Nishikawa Y, Kido JI, et al. Relationship of aspiration pneumonia to cognitive impairment and oral condition: a cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Investig, 2018, 22(7): 2575-2580.
61. Zhou F, Wang Y, Liu Y, et al. Disease severity and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia caused by non-influenza respiratory viruses in adults: a multicentre prospective registry study from the CAP-China Network. Eur Respir J, 2019, 54(2): 1802406.
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慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者症状群及护理干预的研究进展

Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

老年社区获得性肺炎治疗及预防研究进展

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