咳嗽是呼吸专科门诊最常见的症状之一,其中大部分又是所谓不明原因的慢性咳嗽(unexplained chronic cough),即常规影像学检查未发现明确病变者。在此类慢性咳嗽当中,咳嗽变异型哮喘(CVA)是一重要病因,早年Irwin报道,慢性咳嗽的病因包括哮喘和气道高反应(33%)、鼻后滴漏 (28%)、慢性支气管炎(12%)、症状性胃食管反流(10%)、病毒感染后咳嗽(25%),其他因素包括血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)性咳嗽、精神性咳嗽(10%)以及多因素所致的咳嗽(约占20%) J。在我国尚缺乏CVA发病率的大样本流行病学资料,最近上海同济医院进行了一项调查,在呼吸专科门诊287例由于慢性咳嗽就诊的患者当中,无论是老年人还是中青年患者,CVA均是主要的病因(老年人 34.6% ,中青年41.5%),其次为上气道咳嗽综合征(UACS, 19.3%和23.5%)、ACEI相关性咳嗽(16.3% 和1.7%)、胃食管反流性疾病(GERD,10.6% 和3.7%) 。由于呼吸科医生以至普通内科医生逐渐熟悉了解这一疾病,在门诊病人当中CVA的比重越来越大,粗略估计CVA大约占不明原因慢性咳嗽病例1/3左右,占哮喘病例1/3左右。另一方面,尽管许多临床医生知晓CVA,但涉及其诊治仍存在不少的问题。
ICS/LABA联合治疗的提出和推广,是近十年来哮喘治疗领域的一个革命性进展。然而,从LABA问世之初,围绕LABA的争议就始终没有平息过。在2010年2月18日,FDA再次发出关于LABA安全性的公告。美国FDA申明LABA绝不应当(should never)单独用于治疗儿童或成人哮喘。制造商须在这类药物产品的标签上加入这一警示,同时采取其他步骤以减少这类药物的过度使用。这些药物包括单独的LABA制剂,如施立稳(Serevent,沙美特罗)和 Foradil(福莫特罗),也包括和ICS的复合制剂如Advair(沙美特罗/氟替卡松)及信必可(布地奈德/福莫特罗)。FDA要求产品标签反映以下信息:●如果没有使用其他哮喘控制性药物,如ICS,则不应当使 用LABA。LABA只能与其他控制性药物联合使用,不应当单独使用。只有对那些其他哮喘控制性药物不能取得充分控制的患者,才能够长期使用 LABA。●使用LABA治疗应当采用取得哮喘症状控制的最短的疗程,一旦哮喘取得控制,只要有可能就应当停用。患者应当用其他的控制性药物维持。●需要使用LABA和ICS治疗的儿童和青少年患者,应当使用一种既含有ICS也含有LABA的复合制剂,以保证治疗的依从性。
直到10年前,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)还被认为是一种持续进展、不可逆的疾病,一个疗效堪忧、前景暗淡、回报甚微的疾病[1],正因为如此,很少开展COPD的治疗性试验。最近l0年以来在世界上的大部分国家和地区COPD已构成主要的疾病负担之一[2,3],带来的直接和间接成本不断增加,促使各国政府和医药企业增加了对COPD临床试验的投入,一系列大型国际多中心临床试验的结果,使我们对COPD知之不多甚至一无所知的侧面有了新的认识,改变了我们固有的观念,并勾勒出COPD未来的前景。在这一领域,中国呼吸病学T作者贡献不多,自主开展的COPD多中心临床试验寥寥无几。回顾上个世纪70年代以来COPD临床试验的历程,无疑对我们有极大的启示作用。
支气管哮喘防治全球创议(GINA)将哮喘的严重程度分为三度四级,其中三级和四级属于中度和重度哮喘。在整个哮喘人群当中,中重度哮喘大约只占1/3,但在临床上轻度哮喘患者很少就诊,中重度哮喘大约占就诊患者的2/3甚至更多。中重度哮喘患者由于症状明显,频繁就诊,因为哮喘控制不良,经常出现急性发作,需要住院治疗,虽然人数不是很多,但占用了大部分的医疗资源。无论是从提高哮喘防治的整体水平的角度,还是从减少哮喘疾病负担的角度,都应当将中重度哮喘作为哮喘长期管理的主要的目标人群。
ObjectiveTo explore the diagnostic value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in adult asthma.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, CNKI and VIP databases were searched for relevant literatures from the time of database establishment to February 2021. Data analysis were made by Revman and Stata.ResultsA total of 44 articles with 47 records and 9654 subjects were included. The diagnosis sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of FeNO were 0.71 (95%CI 0.65 - 0.76), 0.80 (95%CI 0.75 - 0.84), 3.47 (95%CI 2.86 - 4.21), and 0.37 (95%CI 0.31 - 0.43), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio was 9.49 (95%CI 7.13 - 12.61), and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.82 (95%CI 0.79 - 0.85).ConclusionsFeNO has certain diagnostic value in diagnosis of asthma. Types of asthma, region and cut-off value all have impact on the diagnostic efficiency of FeNO.
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical features of Pulmonary Langerhans' cells histiocytosis (PLCH). MethodsFour cases of PLCH diagnosed by histopathologic examination between August 2004 and September 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. ResultsFour male patients aged from 19 to 46 year old, including three smokers. The main symptoms were chest tightness, cough, and dyspnea. Pneumothorax was presented in two cases, and tuberculosis was in one. The chest high resolution CT (HRCT) revealed lung cysts, nodles, and reticular changes predominantly in the upper and middle lung fields. The pathological Langerhans' cells infiltration were found in the histological biopsy of lesions of the 4 cases. All of the patients were positive in the immuno-histological staining for the S-100 and CD1a antigens. Two cases were positive in Langrin staining (other two patients didn't underwent the staining). Two of the 4 patients were given oral steroid, and the symptoms were improved in one of them. The case with pulmonary tuberculosis improved in symptoms and CT results showed the absorption of the lesion after anti-tuberculosis therapy. Three cases were not followed up. ConclusionPLCH patients were mainly young adults, often presented with chest tightness, cough, and dyspnea. The clinical features of chest HRCT are bilateral cysts, nodules and reticular changes. The disease may be defined by the finding of pathologic Langerhans' cells or the positive staining for CD1a antigens or Langerin.